Modernization Of Morality And Manners - 945 Words

Historians tend to attribute the modernization of morality and manners to the decade between the Progressive Era and the New Deal. The short span of time between the Progressive Era and the New Deal saw the abandonment of Victorian Era moral guidelines, coupled with a new emphasis on the individuality of women. Flappers, young free-spirited girls embracing their newfound social freedom, embodied this period of rapid change. Promiscuity flourished, female clothes covered less, and the roles of women expanded far beyond the home. Historians has viewed the Twenties as a period of spontaneous social revolution since the decade itself passed. James McGovern, however, believes such analyses of the Twenties as oversimplified interpretations of a more complex time. McGovern attributes almost total responsibility for the moral revolution to the events of the Progressive Era, such as industrialization, rise of city life, and technological advancements. He even claims the revolution occurred be fore 1920 altogether. An accurate understanding of history requires analysis beyond surface-level characteristics. Most historians of the Twenties, however, have only examined the same short list of criteria. America remembered the Roaring Twenties for the widespread popularity of a new moral code focused on female individuality. Historians since then, beginning with Frederick Allen’s 1931 study, have primarily limited their studies to upper-class women’s societal behaviors during 1920s. HenryShow MoreRelatedModernism And Postmodernism1207 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophical. Nonetheless, there are some primary beliefs of the Modernist genres that appeal in someway or the other to the various movements and also the writers. Modernism in general can broadly be described as the â€Å"deviation from the ancient and classic manner†. (Johnson, J., The New Royal and Universal English Dictionary, Millard, 1763). It is the radical movement away from the past in search of new styles of expression. It refers to a reforming movement away from the traditional forms in various fieldsRead MoreMexican Icons and Heores970 Words   |  4 Pagesand Frankenstein. The websites purpose is to illustrate how the films of El Santo were influenced by the growth and stability and after 1950. El Santo and his wrestling assisted rural migrants to urban Mexico City by showing them how to handle modernization and gave Mexicans a representation of the ideal modern, Mexican man. El Santo is presented as a character that the audience never sees in his films without his silver colored mask. Whats more, in several films, El Santo is even see sleeping inRead MoreAnalysis Of Omer Bartov s Hitler s Army 996 Words   |  4 Pagesand their blind loyalty distorted their morality to carrying out war crimes when believed to be necessary. He reaches this conclusion by analyzing the Wehrmacht’s time in Russia and how that devastating campaign effected the enlisted soldiers. He finds that the only way the Wehrmacht’s moral even survived this was their warped mentality and cohesion between the soldiers due to harsh discipline. In chapter one Bartov tackles the issue of the modernization and structure of the Wehrmacht. Bartov walksRead Moreâ€Å"Theme of Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart†657 Words   |  3 PagesOkonkwo is doomed to loose the traditions he cherishes as his society slowly falls apart. The first part of the novel discuss with suffering and sorrows of the natives due to illiteracy. They are far away from modernization and having their own circle of ethic, morality and manners. They live with their tradition, custom, ritual and savage culture. The second part deals with the theme of exploration and exploitations. It expresses the arrival of Europeans in the Africa and exploitation of EuropeansRead More International Business: The Importance of Ethics in Business1636 Words   |  7 Pageswith these companies would bring. In a pure business sense, this is strictly a financial decision. But on a moral and values level, the question becomes more complicated. When the time came to make a decision, GMC chose to err on the side of morality and cut off business relations with the three Chinese companies. Afterwards they explained, If they break their promises in such a circumstance, how can we trust them? Rather than be associated with a company with questionable reputation, GMCRead MoreAnalysis Of Jon Lee Andersons The Distant Shore1215 Words   |  5 Pagesnotion of cultural recruiting and compromising has shaped the morality of civilizations to become progressively eminent and consistent. Therefore, the contemporary reality of government demands expectations of maturation through innovative and economic advancement. Since the unhibited weaknesses and lack of omnipresence among the Mashco Piro manifest exploitation, entities of greater actuality with foresight toward profitable modernization are likely to superciliously overtake the tribe. The MashcoRead MoreStreet Angel analysis2605 Words   |  11 PagesWhat sort of social critique does this Street Angel (1937) present? What does it say about issues involved in modernization? What symbols are portrayed in Street Angel (1937) Introduction Every country has specific famous era in which their cinema portrays the reality of their society, the 1930 s was the era in which China s cinema bent itself towards portraying society and modernization. A lot of distinctive features developed by Chinese film over the last hundred years are the result and testimonyRead MoreThe Tortilla Behemoth: Through the Sociological Lens1768 Words   |  8 Pagesworkers in the factory. It examines the analytical framework that would be most appropriate for this situation and then progresses to relate many sociological theories to this issue. Next, it examines the mostly negative effects of globalization, modernization and industrialization. It then follows the same procedure as the previous section and categorizes the issue into the analytical framework model and proceeds to connect it to sociological theories. Finally, the last issue in which this essay discussesRead MoreSustainable Design: Advantages of Going Green1347 Words   |  5 Pagesecosystems and environments provide vital chemicals for our atmosphere, resources for our technological needs, and assist us in agriculture (65). In the field of architecture, for instance, communities and structures of all kind can be designed in such a manner that they work with the environment, not against it. It is possible to have a greener building, one that uses solar power, recycled water, environmentally appropriate landscaping, and ways to manage human consumption. The key, for McLennan, is thatRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The French Revolution1264 Words   |  6 PagesBoth the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution induced great social transformations from the end of the 18th century on. The revolutions laid the foundation for the journey of modernization for Great Britain and France. Although the two countries were merely separated by the English Channel, the relatively low degree of pre-industrial international communications hindered the interaction of both events. Nevertheless, it is not coincidental that the revolutions occurred roughly at the same

The Columbian Exchange And The Colonization Of The Americas

â€Å"The Columbian Exchange† When considering the discoveries of the Americas, commonly one may recall only the presence of Christopher Columbus and the fact that his discovery, or more appropriately rediscovery, brought forth the colonization of certain areas of the Americas, leading, in due time, to a variety of thriving economies that engage in mass import and export between themselves and the world at large. In doing so, it is thus forgotten that, prior to any establishment of a United States, the early colonies engaged in mass export of goods, those being primarily crops, often used as cuisine for both man and beast, secondarily animals, and, tertiary to other exports given that it was not known or planned by those partaking in the business of export, disease, though the transport of disease was more focused and tragic in the area of import for those not of European descent. Speaking specifically to the export of grown crops, the most diverse and extensive of export fi elds, one must identify the types of plants that were available for export from the Americas and to whom said plants could, and later would be, exposed to. Thus, it must be noted that primarily corn, potatoes, cassava, and various beans and squashes, followed secondarily by the less important sweet potato, papaya, pineapple, tomato, avocado, guava, peanuts, chili peppers, and cacao, the most important of which, corn, or Maize to those less modern, became popular within the area of North America itself andShow MoreRelatedChristopher Columbus : A Hero Or Hero?1445 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscovered the â€Å"New World† of the Americas in 1492 as the result of an expedition sponsored by the Spanish monarchy Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, in hopes of finding an alternate trade route to Asia, the source of luxury and wealth in the eyes of Europeans. Altogether Columbus commanded four expeditions under the Spanish monarchy between 1492 and 1504. Although Columbus never found an alternate lucrative trade route to Asia, Columbus’s encounter with America in 1492 forever changed worldRead MorePositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange703 Words   |  3 Pagesthe time period known as the Columbian Exchange. Most of what the Europeans took from the Exchange was good, but some of what they brought was devastating to the people in the New World. Although, this time period was very brutal for the Native Americans, the Columbian Exchange resulted in the transmitting of new technologies, an increase in remedies and cures for diseases, and a growth in resources such as food that helped to improve life. During the Columbian Exchange there were civilizations thatRead MoreChristopher Columbus s Discovery Of The America1132 Words   |  5 Pagesimpacted the culture, and development of America. One of these effects was the expansion of goods and products in the decades after Columbus’s first contact with Americans. Other effects included how these goods and products affected Amerindians and Europeans which also influenced the Columbian Exchange. Christopher Columbus’s influence on the Americas and Europe is the main reason why he is still talked about today. After Columbus’s discovery of the Americas for Spain, we transition into the â€Å"OldRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange : A World Drift That Carried The Old And New World907 Words   |  4 Pagesanimals, and bacteria, which was known as the Columbian Exchange. The exchange is the ecological events of the past millennium.The Columbian Exchange had a widespread exchange of animal, plants, culture including slaves, diseases, and ideas between the eastern and western hemispheres. The exchange was the most significant event concerning ecology, agriculture, and culture in history. The Europeans were the first who touched the shores of the Americas. Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice,Read MoreEuropean Colonization : Christopher Columbus And Native Americans Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesBartolomà © de Las Casas noted â€Å"so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million people had perished from war, slavery, and the mines† (Effects of European Colonization: Christoph er Columbus and Native Americans). This was primarily due to European domesticated animals such as: pigs, sheep, horses, cows, and goats. To create a great epidemic of diseases America had never witnessed before. Horrible diseases which the ingenious population had no immunity for, smallpox, typhus, influence, diphtheria, and measlesRead MoreThe Impact Of European Expeditions On The American Regions Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesEuropeans brought many things to America. Including death, food, religion, metal tools, and language. Starting around 1492, Columbus was trying to find a faster route to Asia. Instead, he found an entirely different continent that would later be named America. One of the most notable things they brought was death. Bartolomà © de Las Casas noted â€Å"so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million people had perished from war, slavery, and the mines† (Effects of European Colonization: Christopher Columbus and NativeRead MoreThe Positive Effects Of Th e Columbian Exchange1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe term â€Å"Columbian Exchange† refers to the massive transfer of life between the Afro-Eurasian and American hemispheres that was precipitated by Columbus’ voyage to the New World . It was known as the widespread interchange of plants, animals, diseases, culture, human populations and technology between Europe and the Americas. After Columbus’ arrival to the Americas, the plant, animal and bacterial life began to mix between the Americas, which was also referred to as the â€Å"New World† and Europe,Read MoreEconomic Interaction Between Europe And Africa962 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic power. Economic interaction with Europe and America began around the same time. It started when Christopher Columbus discovered the New world in 1492. The effect of this was that this exploration made trade possible between Europe and the Americas and Africa. This caused for economic interaction in all of the Atlantic Ba sin. As a result of this economic interaction, the Columbian Exchange occurred. The Columbian exchange is the exchange of goods, ideas, technology, diseases and people fromRead Morecolumbian exchange817 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Columbian Exchange The Columbian exchange created an enormous interchange of various political ideas, cultures, foods, diseases, animals, and people between the old world and the new world, this give and take relationship caused many changes some positive and some negative between the two areas and help redistribute resources between the two hemispheres. There were many positive things that happened as a result of the Columbian exchange. Potatoes and corn became major food sources forRead MoreThe Effects of Christopher Columbus Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduction of the Columbian Exchange, Cultural changes and loss of their homeland. Columbuss discovery of the new world sparked colonization of the Americas. There was an ample amount of vast, arable land thus creating economic opportunity for the wealthy and the common-man. The people longing for this opportunity intruded on the Native Americans land and completely changed their way of life. When Christopher Columbus discovered the new world, it caused the two different worlds (The Americas and Europe

Herland As A Feminist Work Essay Research free essay sample

Herland As A Feminist Work Essay, Research Paper Feminism is the recommending for societal, political, and all other rights of adult females equal to those of work forces ( Random House College Dictionary ) . This narrative depicts merely that. It is about a society made wholly of adult females with no demand for work forces. We see the position of work forces through the eyes of our storyteller. He gives us the point of position from three different work forces about adult females. Herland takes the traditional stereotypes about adult females and reverses them wholly. Everything that was one time regarded by feminine and masculine criterions was taken off. The adult females had short hair and athletic organic structures. Their vesture was non provocative but built for comfort and convenience. They were non demure and coquettish. They did non necessitate work forces. Their day-to-day life and whole lives did non depend on a adult male in any manner form or signifier. We will write a custom essay sample on Herland As A Feminist Work Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They were builders, husbandmans, bookmans, and most significantly female parents. They lived together, harmoniously. The adult females of the land do non understand the gender prejudices of the universe because they merely do non do sense. # 8220 ; There was no recognized criterion of what was # 8220 ; manfully # 8221 ; and what was # 8220 ; womanly # 8221 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .Jeff said, # 8216 ; a adult female should non transport anything, # 8217 ; Celis asked # 8216 ; Why? # 8217 ; with the frankest astonishment # 8221 ; ( 93 ) . And why shouldn # 8217 ; t a adult female carry anything. To her it was the funniest thought. If none of them carried anything, nil would acquire done! The work forces who # 8220 ; occupy # 8221 ; Herland are filled with typical boylike phantasies of wild maidens in waiting. Their ideals about this topographic point are amusing. They expect to happen a aggregation of wild adult females that are waiting to be tamed by work forces. They imagine a universe of pure, stainless adult females. They can non conceive of a civilised universe without the presence of work forces. â€Å" They would contend amongst themselves, Women ever do. We mustn’t look for any kind of order and organization† ( 10 ) . This statement was made by Terry, as we come to cognize him. He is the most â€Å"manly† of the three work forces. His ideals are the most Victorian and chauvinistic. Jeff’s thoughts about the adult females they would come to happen were different than Terry’s. He believed that adult females should be sheltered and protected without a attention in the universe. â€Å"Jeff idealised adult females in the most Southern manner. He was full of gallantry and sentiment, and all that. And he was a good male child ; he lived up to his ideals† ( 11 ) . Van’s ideals about their venture were the most practical in nature. He looked over every item and tried to do the most reasonable accounts. I believe he was the voice of ground. We could besi des compare the three to Freud’s Id ( Terry ) , Ego ( Jeff ) , and Superego ( Van ) . But that is another paper. Possibly one of the most extroverted womens rightist facets is the fact that the adult females of Herland reproduce without the aid of work forces. This characteristic of the novel helps to make a genuinely self -supporting society of adult females that our storytellers can non look to hold on. This makes these adult females superhuman in a sense. The male race is unneeded to their being. I believe that this narrative was told with the intent of doing the gender functions of most of the universe expression like kids # 8217 ; s games. It is clear that this narrative was intended to demo that adult females were and are self-supporting human existences and non objects to be possessed and kept. Bibliography Herland Charolate perkins Gilman

Social Issues In Waiting for Godot and Enduring Love free essay sample

Compare and Contrast the social issues which cause conflict in Waiting for Godot by Beckett and Enduring Loveby McEwan. Evaluate different readers views of the writers interpretations and discuss the impact of contexts. Social issues have long been a problem in our world, complete breakdown in communication can have disastrous consequences for society. Many wars, civil wars and uprisings have occurred as a cause of idealogical differences, but it has been through a social aspect, that those ideas were misconstrued or rejected (due to a difference in social opinion). The same can be said for the social aspects in Waiting for Godot and Enduring Love, albeit on a smaller scale. Social issues are prevalent in both texts, this can be attributed to the style of writing used by Samuel Beckett and Ian McEwan, both of whom use allusory devices and utilise the in-communication of protagonists. Waiting for Godot is a 1952 play originally called En Attendant Godot, the play is widely viewed as a response to WW2. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Issues In Waiting for Godot and Enduring Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Enduring Love is a 1997 novel written by Ian McEwan and focuses on psychological issues in today? society, and how they impact on society. I intend to explore the social issues (the majority of which) that arise in the texts as a result of the protagonists inability to communicate. The characters state of mind is a major sub-plot intertwined in both Enduring Love and Waiting for Godot. The fact that all the characters are written as to possibly be mentally unhinged and anxiety ridden, this is hinted at through Estragons reaction to Vladimirs perpetual questions, Vladimir: The same lot as usual? Estragon: The same? I dont know. Ian McEwan has said, the task of the artist is to find a form that accommodates the mess , which sums up Waiting for Godot I think. Continuing the theme of WW2 in Waiting for Godot, Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo and Lucky are portrayed in erratic surroundings and the carnage of a society in combat with itself, as WW2 was. WW2 was a war fought in a world without moral guidance, with protagonists showing the lack of an internal moral compass, and exhibiting trauma, loss of memory, much like soldiers in WW2. In Waiting for Godot, critiques suggest that Vladimir and Estragon are a pseudo-couple (specifically by Guy Christian Barnard). Schizophrenia affects social issues, with the bi-polarity of language used leads to a lack of meaningful communication between the two protagonists, Come on, Gogo, return the ball, cant you, once in a way. This re-enforces social conflict because having conversations with himself regularly is symptomatic of being mentally unstable or unhinged. Vladimir is the most compassionate protagonist in Waiting for Godot, he spends time contemplating emotion, unlike Estragon, and Pozzo, meaning that a more in-depth emotional side to Vladimir means Beckett has taken a idealogical step away from Estragon, Pozzo and Lucky meaning increased social friction, so an increased chance for social conflict. This can be related to the social situation of the world at the time of the plays writing, as people has been affected by WW2 two in different ways, some didnt know what to do with their life after the war, and this concept, coupled by Becketts persistent use of gallows humour (the protagonists know they have no hope of evading what is to come) means the protagonists are seriously contemplating suicide. â€Å"Was I sleeping while others suffered?.. Tomorrow, when I wake, or think I do, what shall I say of today? We have time to grow old. The air is full of our cries but habit is deadener.. † In Enduring Love, Jed Parry the Jesus freak is too easily goaded, and this leads to Jeds mood swings and the bipolarity of his actions, brought on by his de Clerambaults Syndrome, (or as Jed would have it, Joes string of subliminal messages followed by his denial of any such things) this is displayed perfectly throughout the novel, giving Jed a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde-esque split personality, this causes social conflict in the novel because his persona adopts two separate levels of morality. These schizophrenic tendencies lead to a lack of moral guidance in their world, leading them to become figuratively blindfolded by the harsh reality of their situation. Later on in the Enduring Love, Joe Rose becomes an unreliable narrator, this post-modern turn could be attributed to the increased stress and pressure in Joes life, with him keeping his troubles with parry to himself, but eventually they spill out into his everyday life and he becomes obsessed with it, which in turn pushes Clarissa away. McEwan uses Joes position as a science writer to investigate epistemology, the science devoted how we know things, this is proven in the fact that Joe is hyper-aware of the power of the knowledge used in his recounting of events, Ive already marked my beginning , the moment Logan hit the ground should have been the end of this story rather than one beginning I could have chosen Vladimir and Estragon are under pressure because of their ties to Godot, as they are unsure what to do and the possible consequences of their actions weighs heavily on their judgement, yet their human desire to travel means they are unfortunately stuck in turmoil and a stagnant social position results. â€Å"Estragon: Well, shall we go? Vladimir: Yes lets go (They do not move)† Communication is a dwindling topic in both texts. In Waiting for Godot communication is a sore point because the play is written as a response to WW2, a breakdown in communication signifies the war that had just occurred, and in Enduring Love Joe and Jeds conflict means Joe becomes agitated and easily sidetracked, this means he doesnt hold any conversation or line of enquiry, apart from his obsession with Jed Parry. Joe had tried to open up to Clarissa and tell her about his situation and his views, but she finds it all too incredulous, and acts rather immature about it, sticking her head in the proverbial sand. Clarissa emanates the impression of being self-centred, as much of her dialogue is based around her needs, and her inability to realise that the stalking d le is real and not about her, You even left the drawer open so Id know when I came in. So spell it out for me now, Joe. What are you trying to tell me? ,but then again, credit to Ian McEwan as his allusive style of writing, he does leave the reader wondering if Jed Parry and his delusions are actually real or imagined. Clarrissas antics are contradictory to her literary love of the poet John Keats and romanticism, as she is dismissive, childish and doesnt seem to care much for her and Joes relationship. Clarissa tries to follow in the footsteps of Keats, her values are of a romanticist nature, however actions follow a rather anti-romanticist path, as being a romanticist requires great deal of emotional expression, and as romanticism goes against social norms. Clarissa wants an idyllic life, yet she seems to be uninterested with the process of getting her dreams to become reality, her character is rather lazy in that respect. In Waiting for Godot, Estragon and Lucky epitomise the lack of communication in the novel. Estragon is confident one moment and ready to hang himself the next, with Vladimir saving him from himself. Lucky is a silent character for the majority of the acts, but when he does speak, everything comes out as a garbled, jumbled mess of an opinion, re-enforcing the lack of meaningful and comprehensible conversation. .. of a personal god quaquaquaqua with a white beard quaquaquaqua † Didi and Gogo are in a sort of social purgatory. They are without reliable memory, and without a reason for being. Waiting for Godot is their only reason to live and it soon takes over their lives and becomes their sole purpose for being, but, as we dont know whether Godot is real or imaginary, let alone knowing this transpires that the main protagonists reasons for being are as a result of nothing, but Nothing is more real than nothingness (Democritus). Vladimir and Estragon are unable to provide for themselves in their barren landscape of a setting, this leads to social conflict and stagnation as they have nothing to do except sit around, moan, contemplate suicide and Wait for Godot. The protagonists materialistic needs lead to their impoverishment and therefore social conflict. When Pozzo and Lucky turn up, its a welcome break from the monotonous life that the two (assumed) beggars lead. So, their materialistic impoverishment is satisfied temporarily (although their mental impoverishment continues), ?stragon: Even 10 francs would be welcome Vladimir: We are not beggars! Estragon: Even five Vladimir: (To Estragon indignantly) Thats enough! † Social conflict is exhibited most clearly in the relationship between the protagonists in Waiting for Godot, Lucky and his Master, Pozzo, their relationship can be viewed as an extreme version of the relationship Vladimir and Estragon share, and the transition between the two relationships could come about as a result of the socio-intellectual conflict between Estragon and Vladimir, as either Vladimirs impatience with Estragons intellect could finally drive him stir crazy, or Estragons impatience with Vladimirs intellect could mean he turns nasty with jealousy of Vladimir (that coupled with the stagnancy of their situation), although theyre relationship is a two-way partnership at the time in which the play is set. This isnt the case in Enduring Love, in that novel there is more of a clash of ideologies between Religion, science and the arts, Hegel, a 19th century German philosopher believed that ,art, religion and philosophy are the bases for the highest spiritual development. These three aspects of life can be representative of Enduring Loves main protagonists. In Waiting for Godot, the rope around Luckys neck is his tie to Pozzo, (although Lucky seems to have developed Stockholm Syndrome) whereas Didi and Gogos tie is not only their possible schizophrenic personalities, but their willingness to wait for Godot too. Luckys enslavement leads to a running sore or what looks like a goitre around his neck, as a result of the rope, much like Didi and Gogos. This causes conflict because these physical injuries that the protagonists suffer are a reminder of the oppression felt by them in an anti-climactic continuum of an existence, as they persist to try to uncover a meta-physical answer for their existence, and they are appalled by it, Its a scandal! Vladimir says, â€Å"Vladimir: After having sucked all the good out of him you chuck him away like a . . . like a banana skin. Really † Their circumlocutory universe gives them no hope, the protagonists are helplessly caught in the vicious circle of life, they must not begin to live because once you do it ends ( Eugene Ionesco). The idea of their universe being circumlocutory is backed up by the perception of purpose. This is influential to the social aspect of both novels, as the way the protagonists view themselves has an impact on their ability to communicate their thoughts and feelings to the other characters. This, ultimately, makes an impact on the readers impressions of said protagonists Estragon: Was it not there yesterday? Vladimir: Yes, of course it was there. Do you not remember? We nearly hanged ourselves from it. But you wouldnt. Do you not remember? Estragon: You dreamt it. Albert Camus theory of Existentialism has shaped the way people view our situation on Earth, and Waiting for Godot follows a Sartrean Existentialism movement, developed by Jean-Paul Sartre, it typifies man as being without a purpose in a world devoid of meaning, unlike a utensil, which is made for a specific purpose or purposes. So in terms of Vladimir and Estragon, existence precedes essence. Philosopher Martin Heideggers aphorism states that, As soon as a man is born, he is old enough to die. This perspective causes social conflict in Enduring Love because all the protagonists are coming at situations from different angles, with regards to beliefs and views on matters present in the novel, such as their love for each other, the way you turned away from me, rejected, stunned by my refusal to recognise in that first instance our love. . Social conflict is the struggle for agency or power in society, different groups compete for resource, sometimes clashing over the same thing, this happens in Enduring Love, everyone seems to be out to pursue their own interests and is self centred. From a Marxist perspective, because as Jed comes from privileged background, he holds the seat of authority, or at least he thinks he does, trying to coerce Joe to do what he wants. So when he tries to use his power to get what he wants, he flexes his authority but encounters resistance from lower socially placed protagonists. Pozzo is clearly the highest socially placed protagonist in Waiting for Godot, this is shown through his servant/slave Lucky and his possessive style of social interaction. â€Å"Pozzo:.. [Pause. Pointing to Lucky] My Lucky! â€Å"Pozzo: [Sobbing] he used to be so kind so helpful and entertaining my good angel Social classes create social conflict in both novels because lower classed citizens tend to have distaste for higher-classed citizens, and vice-versa, but not as to say WW2 was a class war though, because it wasnt. This is apparent in Waiting for Godot because, after Pozzos arrival with Lucky on a leash, Vladimir shows great dislike for Pozzos treatment of Lucky, repeating multiple times, Lets go in an attempt to get himself and Estragon away from Pozzo. Vladimir: To treat a man like that I think that no a human being no its a scandal! In Enduring Love, Parry is the protagonist of the highest class, and also the protagonist whom the other protagonists are eventually against, this could be representative of a class war to Marxists. Parry says, as soon as I came into money and the house, I gave up the job and moved in. This could cause social conflict as parry could be interpreted as to be boasting of his position, and because Joes life centres around his scientific interests and work, there would be nothing to converse with Parry about, the two protagonists would be at social-loggerheads with each other. In conclusion, social conflicts have major grounds for debate as they can potentially impact on every topic discussed, but its how the authors of both texts have made it a key topic of conversation is vitally important. Social conflicts have their limitations however and they dont extend their reach through all topics as they would become inconsequential. Samuel Beckett and Ian McEwan use illusory devices very well, leaving readers with different viewpoints, and leaving some completely baffled. Using class societies are seen as unjust a major cause of conflict, coupled with mental instability lead to continuous unendurable suffering for some sadistic unknowable purpose.

organic compounds essays

organic compounds essays Carbohydrates are a major source for living organisms. Our mitochondria break down carbohydrates and use the chemical energy released from its bonds to live. Carbohydrates have four functions, which include energy metabolism, structural components, and cell-to-cell contacts and recognition. The basic unit or monomer for carbohydrate is monosaccharide or simple sugars. An example of monosaccharide would be glucose, fructose, and galactose. Carbohydrates are composed of thousands of monomers are called polysaccharides. Some examples of polysaccharides would be starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Lipids store energy, protect and cushion body organs, are structural components of membranes, and are chemical messengers of hormones. The monomers of lipids would be fatty acids. Types of fatty acids would be fats which include oils and animal fats, phospholipids which include the cell membrane structure, waxes which include water proof coating on leaves, fruits, feathers, skins of animals, and steroids, which include cholesterol, sex hormones, and bile acids. Proteins are very important. They provide structure. Organic catalysts are mostly made up of proteins. They are also used to store energy and act as chemical messengers to hormones and antibodies. Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins. The basic parts of an amino acid are an amine group, a carboxylic group, and a side chain and all attached to an alphas of fibrous proteins would be muscles, hair, cartilage, veins, and ducts. Globular proteins are proteins that transport oxygen and nutrients, fight invasions by foreign objects, help maintain homeostasis in the body, transport electrons and catalyze reaction that would take too long in their absence. The last organic compound is Nucleic Acids. Nucleic Acids are ...

Nutraceutical Definition

Nutraceutical Definition Nutraceutical Definition The term nutraceutical was coined in the 1990s by Dr. Stephen DeFelice. He defined nutraceutical as follows: A nutraceutical is any substance that is a food or a part of a food and provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. Such products may range from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and specific diets to genetically engineered designer foods, herbal products, and processed foods such as cereals, soups and beverages. It is important to note that this definition applies to all categories of food and parts of food, ranging from dietary supplements such as folic acid, used for the prevention of spina bifida, to chicken soup, taken to lessen the discomfort of the common cold. This definition also includes a bio-engineered designer vegetable food, rich in antioxidant ingredients, and a stimulant functional food or pharmafood. Since the term was coined, its meaning has been modified. Health Canada defines nutraceutical as follows: A Nutraceutical is a product isolated or purified from foods, and generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food and demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against chronic disease. Examples of Nutraceuticals: beta-carotene, lycopene

Trade Pattern between developed(the U.S.) and developing(South Korea) Term Paper

Trade Pattern between developed(the U.S.) and developing(South Korea) countries - Term Paper Example Even though the U. S has a trade discrepancy with South Korea, it has had a reliable trade surplus of approximately $2 billion to $3 billion in agricultural goods (Carbaugh 213)1. South Korea is the tenth greatest economy in the globe, with a yearly annual GDP fast approaching one trillion US dollars (Todaro 314)2. While it was the seventh biggest export market for the US in 2004, U. S was South Korea’s third largest trading partner and the second largest export market in 2005. In addition, South Korea is the fifth biggest market for the U.S agricultural export and the United States provides more than one fifth of South Korea’s agricultural imports. This paper looks at the characteristics of the United States-South Korea bilateral trade and offers an overview of the tariff reduction as well as elimination schedules of the two countries (Eckes 311)3. Characteristics The main mode of the US-South Korea mutual trade has moved from inter-industry trade to intra-industry tra de. Specifically, the trade model was inter–industry trade on the foundation of divergence in resource donations before 1994. The US exported intensive and natural resource-founded industry goods and technology, as well as capital-concentrated products to South Korea and imported labor-concentrated goods from that nation (Buckley et al. 341)4. Nevertheless, intra-industry trade between the two nations has increased notably in the high technology product sector since 1995. A key rise in trade of high-technology goods between the two nations shows the surge in bilateral intra-industry trade founded on good differentiation. The two nations have also raised their bilateral trade in differentiation mid-technology goods. Comparisons between trade volume and trade surpluses, by sector, can offer insight on bilateral trade patterns between the two nations. In this paper, US-Korea bilateral trade is looked at in six sectors. Agriculture and food, natural resource based industries, tex tiles, mid technology goods, high-technology goods among others. The sectors are determined on the basis of standard international trade classification two-digit code. The agric-food sector includes primary agricultural goods and processed food (Lo?pez 648)5. The natural sector comprises of gas, coal, wood and petroleum products among others. The mid section comprises of fertilizers, chemical materials, non-ferrous metals as well as furniture. The high-tech section has machinery, scientific instruments and transport instruments. The others comprise of the transaction services. The US has trade surpluses and South Korea is in the food and agriculture sector, and until lately, the natural resource-based industries. The US has a trade deficit and South Korea in the high technology section, which has grown with time. The US also has a trade shortage with South Korea in the textile section; however this deficit has declined with time. Indeed, both US imports and exports of textile produc ts have declined ever since 1990, owing to the third country impact in the market. Since other nations like Thailand, China, Indonesia, as well as Latin American nations have become very competitive in the manufacture of textile products, both the US and South Korea have raised their imports of these commodities from these nations. For the middle-technology section,

Tibet Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tibet Civilization - Essay Example It was fused with imperialism and became the religion of the kings during the reign of Song Tsen Gampo who ruled from 617 AD to 650 AD. He married two Chinese princesses who were Buddhists. He had the holy book of Sutras translated into the Tibetan language and thus the common people were able to read and understand the Buddhist scriptures. In the 8th century, King Trisong Detsen brought in the great Buddhist scholars from India, Pandit Shantarakshita, Kamalasila and Padmasambhava to spread the word of Lord Buddha. The first spiritual community was set up as a Buddhist monastery in Samye. This helped the Indian version of Buddhism to be established in Tibet and not the Chinese version. In 842 AD, King Lang Dharma persecuted Buddhists and tried to uproot the religion as he tried to bring back the original Bon religion. By 978, during the reign of King Yeshe, Buddhism was revived and with the help of Indian pundits, Buddhism was brought back as the official religion. According to Smith (2001, p. 45-49), final product of Buddhism was a combination of Mahayana Buddhism and the Tantric movement. Mahayana actually began as a splinter group from the Buddhist Mahasangha and it prescribed a more liberal monastic tradition and attitude for the followers. The followers of Buddhism were used to the Mahabharata and the Ramayana and they had notions of heroes, evil sprits, good, bad and other folklore. Accordingly, Lord Buddha was represented as different godlike Buddha images in different stages. With this belief came the adherence to sutras that are holy utterances and scriptures. Tantras are holy scriptures and writings that explain the process of enlightenment through rebirths and the endless wheel of life. Tantra was practiced by the Siddhi, the expert who knows the secrets of Buddhism. The most important of the sutras are Prajà ±aparamita also called as the Perfection of Wisdom; Suddharma-pundarika or the true Dharma; Vimalakirti-nirdesha or

Truth and the characters in this act Essay Example for Free

Truth and the characters in this act Essay Arthur Miller wrote this play in accordance and reference to the persecution placed upon him and many others by the committee of un-American activities. He was persecuted for his way of thinking, and this inspired him to write the book The Crucible to make people realise that history is repeating. In his mind, the way he and the other communists were treated bared a great likeness to that of the witches of Salem and the way the Jews were treated during the holocaust. This, I think, is why the book and then the play had such a large effect on the country and the way the un-American activities committee treated the so called Comunists. In the sixteen hundreds Salem was ruled by a theocracy so their ideas of truth and justice would have varied from ours. The puritans ideology was that if the bible says its so, its so. Most of us are now aware that most of the bible is not to be taken literally, but symbolically. With relevance to the witch-hunt the puritans believed that no one would lie about something of such importance as witchcraft, after all god damns all liars and what puritan in their right mind would wish damnation upon themselves. Of course we know that the girls had no fear about lying to ensure they get their own way. So if anyone was accused they had to be guilty, and the only way they could save their lives would be to confess to witchery. If they did not confess they would be hung or killed by other means. This to me is a queer justice, as I should hope it is to you or any other fellow human. This however was not the case and many people died, these people can thank a foolish ideology for their death. In my mind the way and personality of the people of Salem did nothing to help the matter, in particular John Procter and Abigail Williams. Again the matter truth and honesty arises. John and Abigail, having had an affair were both adulterers, if they were to confess this their name would be blackened. However if the truth was to arise John and Elizabeths names would be cleared of the crime of witchery and Abigails true motives would have been made clear. So if John and Elizabeth had been entirely truthful with the court they both would have survived. On the other hand if Abigail and the other girls had been truthful from the outset, the only punishment that would have been administered was a public flogging. But we must not overlook the fact that regardless of the previous lies one more lie would have saved them all. If they had confessed to the crime they would have been free. It seems that the epiphany of honesty struck at the wrong time. As the maid to the Proctors, an official of the court and one of the accusing girls, Mary Warren had the power to stop all this foolishness. In act III Mary, with a little encouragement from Procter, does confess and tells the judges that it is all a false but she soon withdraws that claim when she herself is accused. There is a great change in Marys character from acts I and II through III and IV. I think this is probably due to her supreme maturity to the other girls, she realises exactly how foolish she had been and what problems her lies were causing. Proctors behaviour affected the people of Salem in a great many ways. Primarily he was considered somewhat of a heretic due to the fact that he very rarely attended Holy Communion. He put this down to his dislike of Paris and his preaching of bloody hellfire and damnation I dont know how many believed this excuse. Secondly Proctor was not afraid to stand up to the court and tell them how ludicrous they were being about the witch-hunt and trials. He was also the first to admit false confession. In general I believe he was a big influence on the people of Salem. If proctor had confessed to his adultery earlier as his wife Elizabeth beckoned him to, things would have been very different, he would have been a sinner but he would be free. In my eyes there is no justice in Salem. I put this down to mostly one person and that persons judgement and ideology, Head judge Danforth. This is the main interrogator throughout the whole trial. He does his job very well, too well. He has a talent at getting somebody to say something and then he twists this into a confession or accusation. He is very manipulative. Towards the end of the book it starts to show how hell bent he is on killing people. The other judges notice this and when they attempt to prove him wrong or attempt to show him how foolish he is being, he interrupts them. He believes everything Abby says simply because he wants to kill people. He is obsessed with the pain, death and social rejection of others. Of course he is going to snap up every inkling of a hint of witchcraft. Perhaps he is mentally retarded or just I psycho. Another very manipulative character is Abigail. She is very successful, perhaps even more so than Danforth, at changing the way people think and even getting them to see things that arent there or Hallucinate. There are many examples of this. A good example of her mind-manipulation skills is in act III when Mary confesses the false of the accusations. She manages to get the other girls to think that the devil is present and that Mary is bewitching them. This convinces the Judges and Mary is accused of witchcraft and the confession falls through. Abigails methods are very cleaver she is a very good actor. She knows many sure ways of getting people to believe her. When she is trying to make out that Mary Warren is bewitching her, she knows exactly how to convince the judges. She is able to convince herself things are actually happening when they are not. This is why the look in her eyes, her screaming and her cowering etc. are so convincing, because she believes that the devil is there. In the final moments of the last scene the whole truth is revealed and the audience are manipulated to fell sorry for the Proctors and hate Abigail. And ultimately loose faith in goodness and perhaps even God. The scene is one of great emotion. Another very dramatic scene in the play is when Mary warren confronts the court to confess that the whole thing had been a lie. Not only does the sheer idea of the court finding out that they had convicted so many innocent people make it dramatic. In a desperate attempt to save themselves Abigail and the other girls claim that they can see Mary warren with the devil beside her. They start screaming and fainting and pretending to be cold, of course this is all a false but it makes the scene very dramatic.

Demolition Derby :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Demolition Derby      Ã‚  Ã‚   Demolition derbies have made their way through history as races that only involve crashes. There is more to a demolition derby than just crashes. Demolition derbies are more complex than what is seen from the stands because of the long hard work it takes to get a car ready, and the actual competition of the derby.    There are three stories about where the first demolition derby was held. Islip Raceway (Long Island, NY), Hales Corner Raceway (Hales Corner, WI), and an unknown town in Ohio. The first and only story with creditable proof is that Larry Mendelson, a 28 year stock car racer noticed that the most cheering and excitement happened when cars crashed. He held the first demolition derby in 1958 at Islip Raceway. Another story is that Hales Corner Raceway had held a demo years previous to Islip. According to legend, 'Crazy Jim' Groh had a few too many cars on his dealership lot. So he got a few people to drive them as a promotion. The only other proof to back this story are the Happy Days episodes 64, 64, 66 'Fonzie loves Pinkie part1, 2, 3' shows demolition derbies. This show was based in Milwaukee during the 50's. These episodes featured Fonzie battling it out with the Mallachi brothers. The last account is that an un-named town in Ohio was a scene of road rage gone wild in th e mid- 50's. Two cars collided at a busy intersection and both continued to battle it out drawing a large crowd to the scene. This story fails to name a town or date, and only gets some credit ability because Ohio is a mecca for demolition derbies (geocities.com par. 2-5).       When credit needs to be given to the inventor of demolition derbies it goes to Larry Mendelson and Islip Raceway because they were the first to officially organize a derby.    There are many modifications that need to be done to a car before it is ready to go to the demolition derby.   A car cannot be bought demolition derby ready. There are many rules to take into consideration and many alterations that need to be done to car when getting the car ready for a demolition derby.

Animal Farm – Literary Essay

Is it not everyone's dream to live in a world where each person  is equal? Karl Marx came up with a  solution  to the problem of inequality and called it communism. The idea of  communism  looks like a good  plan  on paper but it could never work in real life because of ones’ large desire  for power. George Orwell uses his novel  Animal Farm  to show how one’s greed can lead a great plan to fail, regardless of the situation. He does this by showing how one loses focus of the original idea because they crave power, how one then goes against the original idea, and finally how one turns the original idea into something it was never supposed to be. In the beginning of the  book, Old Major tells the animals his dream of freedom for all animals. Then, Old Major dies, leaving behind his wisdom and his vision for all animals. Throughout the book the other animals carry out his dream and they name it Animalism. They even come up with rules, known as the seven commandments. â€Å"THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal,† (page – chapter 2). The animals then  paint  these commandments on the wall and live by them every day. Even though these are great rules the pigs start to lose focus and start to battle for power. After Old Major dies and the plans for Animalism start to take off both Napoleon and Snowball fight for power over the farm. Two people cannot share power, because power cannot be shared. It is greed that pushes one leader to gain all of the power. In the book Animal Farm Snowball and Napoleon are battling for power. Orwell writes, â€Å"At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced, (Chapter 5 paragraph 3). † Napoleon seems to strive for power more than Snowball does and he will take any chance he has to take Snowball down, which completely defeats Old Major’s vision of Animalism and its purpose of equality. Power was not a part of Old major’s vision. While Snowball is very intelligent and seems to want the best for Animal Farm Napoleon is just power-hungry. It is clear that Napoleon is jealous of Snowball, so he begins to plan how to get rid of him. To do this, Napoleon uses the dogs to chase Snowball off the farm. When they return to him it’s as if they have no regret. â€Å"It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones,† (5. 15). Napoleon has a taste for power, and now that he has it he is only going to want more. After Snowball is gone, Napoleon has complete control of the farm, which is not a good thing. He rarely speaks for himself because he has Squealer to do it for him. Napoleon gets rid of the meetings, which also gets rid of opportunity for the other animals to speak. He also gives himself all of the luxuries. â€Å"In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near,†Ã‚  (7. ) Napoleon is now the most important animal on the farm, and even re-writes history to make himself seem even better. Napoleon was not the only one to re-write history though, although, he was the one that demanded the others to make false confessions just so they could be killed. â€Å"And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses l ying before Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the time of Jones,†Ã‚  (7. 6). Napoleon wanted to prove his power to the other animals and he would stop at nothing to do so. One could say that Napoleon became worse than Mr. Jones, the original farm owner, ever was. A plan that started out to make the farm a communist place turns out to be ruled by a dictator, again. George Orwell used the book Animal Farm to write about how Karl Marx’s idea of communism and how easily it can fail because one loses focus of the original idea.

Cannibalism: Crime or Survival? Essay

Cannibalism has gone through stages of acceptance to morally corrupt and unspeakable. When faced in a dire situation, such as isolation and deterioration of the mind and body, cannibalism becomes an option of survival. When people confess of their actions, is it fair for us to judge? What would a person do in that situation, and can one honestly punish another for survival of the fittest? Cannibalism dates back as far as the earliest signs of human life. By definition, cannibalism is â€Å"the eating of any species by another member of the same species,† (â€Å"Cannibalism†). Wolves, for example, will eat another wolf if there is no other form of nutrition to be found. This is an example of survival of the fittest, an instinct born unto all living creatures. Cannibalism is primitive in human nature, dating back to the Carib Indians of the West Indies. In the Arwakan language, â€Å"carib† literally translates to â€Å"cannibal.† The practice of eating human meat, whether in ritual or punishment, has been practiced in nearly every part of the world. The reason for cannibalistic behavior has varied among the people. Headhunters, for example, believed eating parts of a victim’s body would grant them magical powers. Some tribes ate criminals to punish them or gain revenge for the crime. Primitive rites commonly involved human sacrifice, and it was not uncommon for the sacrifice’s family to eat certain parts of the body. This practice is labeled â€Å"endocannibalism.† As time progressed, cannibalism went from common practice in the east to an unspeakable sin in the west. Cannibalism is most commonly practiced due to the result of extreme physical necessity in isolated surroundings. It has been justified as â€Å"a model of behavior in food processing as a response to nutritional stress,† (Ellis et al. 4) Essentially, cannibalism in such desperation comes down to practical logic. If one is starving, one eats what  is offered. Examples of this include survivors of a plane wreck stranded without food; boat wrecks on isolated islands; or, more commonly, families trapped in a snowstorm in any large mountain range. One of the most recent cases of cannibalism known is that of Andes flight disaster. In 1972, an Uruguayan rugby team, along with their family and friends, were on their way to Chile to compete when the plane crashed in the Andes mountain range. Several died in the initial crash, and more died due to the harsh conditions and injuries from the wreck. Ten days passed before the little bit of food that was rationed ran out. The group lived for two months before rescue came, and in that time they had committed the unspeakable act. As a group, the survivors agreed to turn to cannibalism and endocannibalism in order to survive. Out of the original forty-five, only sixteen came from the mountains alive because of their survival technique. This group had indulged in what is called survival cannibalism. Survival cannibalism is an innate form of survival that anthropologists believe exists in all humans. When the rugby team was faced with their dire situation, they indulged on their native instinct to satisfy nutritional need before abiding to the morals of society. When rescued, the team told reporters that it was a sort of communion; they ate as little as possible so as not to desecrate the dead. â€Å"Jesus gave the disciples His blood and His flesh at the Last Supper, so we were kept alive through Him,† explained one of the survivors when the press demanded an answer as to what they ate to stay alive (Stranded Gonzalo Arijon). The Uruguayan and Chilean publics accepted these survivors, even though the media slandered them and called them inhumane and cannibalistic. Another, perhaps more famous case of survival cannibalism is the story of the Donner Party. The Donner Party was a group of families being led west by brothers George and Jacob Donner in the winter of 1846-47. The unfortunate groups of pioneers were trapped in the snowy Sierra Nevada Mountains because they did not foresee that they had set out too late in the year with too little provisions. The group traveled through the Great Plains, losing much of their cattle due to heat and starvation. As the group headed on, they left the warmth of the desert-like plains and entered the cold and snow of  the mountains. Their food supply dwindled as they tried to make a pass through the Sierra Nevada range, their remaining cattle became buried in the blizzard-like weather conditions, and many wagons had to be abandoned. The party set up camp in a valley, hoping to wait out the storm and continue on. The wait turned from a few days to weeks, then from weeks to months. The food supply ran out; leather books, oxen hide blankets, and tobacco became a daily meal. Relief parties were sent form California, but they could not take everyone at once. â€Å"If we do not find food, we will have to commence on the dead,† stated Tamsen Donner, wife of George Donner, when the first relief party came to take her oldest children out of the mountains (Burton 166). Tamsen was left with five children and her nieces and nephews to feed as well. The party ran out of oxen hides and leather to eat. The only way a mother was to keep her children alive was to feed them the only food source available. Careful not to choose their relatives, members of the Donner Party ate the only food source available: cadavers of those that had died. When reintroduced into the Californian society, the living members were shunned. Was it right of society to judge them so harshly? How could pioneers claim they would not do the same, when in reality it is more probable that they would? Louis Keseberg, the last member of the party to leave the mountains, was tried for murder. The public should not have demanded that that a survivor of such perils be ostracize d just for living. Another conflicting case is that of Alfred â€Å"Alferd† Packer, dubbed â€Å"Colorado’s Cannibal.† Packer was a mountain guide in 1873 Colorado. He was hired to take a group of men through Bingham Canyon, Utah. This expedition did not end as planned. As with the Donner Party, Packer had not realized that his company had set out too late and would lead to a fatal end. Many men turned around when they were rescued from the cold by a group of Indians, but five remained with Packer. The men set of, no heeding the warnings from the Indians. Sixty days after they left the campsite, only Packer emerged from the canyon. Questions arose to which Packer had no answer, so he lied. He told three versions of his story of survival, and only a few facts were found to be truth. Their food supply had run out and  the men agreed to eat whoever died from starvation. Shannon Bell had killed the four other men while Packer was searching for food. Packer killed Bell due to self-defense, and Packer did not resort to cannibalism until starvation overtook his guilt for the deaths of his men. Alfred Packer was called a murderer and sent to jail, even though he killed in self-defense. It was too quick of a decision to send this man, who was in a starved mindset, to a punishment in which he did not deserve. It is true that Packer was epileptic, and very possibly had several psychological problems, but that did not make him a killer. He was just trying to survive. Learned cannibalism is another category of cannibalistic behavior. It is when one is not driven by hunger to eat the flesh of another human. However, learned cannibalism is often thought of as the cause for Hannibal Lecter-style murders. Anthropologists deny that learned cannibalism is what such killers practiced; it is a method of ritualistic behavior that our human ancestors have passed down through generations. The Japanese army adopted such rituals during their last war. Why did the army commit such a primitive act? Some men state it was to bring to troop together, to give them nerves of steel, so to speak. Others claim it was to clear the taboo in case they ran out of food. Still, some say that it was because the soldiers wanted to gain the powers of the enemy, just as the headhunters had done so long ago. The Japanese military kept these cases filed away, not speaking of the ruthless acts the men committed. Now that the files have been uncovered, the question of whether or not this can be classified as a crime must be answered. With finding that answer comes more questions: Which men are right? Were they really starving, or were they just soulless beings? Was murder enacted to pursue this activity, or were the men already dead? So many questions arise that it is nearly impossible to have a clear, truthful answer as to whether this was a war crime or not. The psychological reason behind cannibalistic behavior ranges from starvation to perversion. â€Å"Cannibalism might be seen as the highest level of sexual perversion. This is closely related to the equally rare carving up of bodies, following sexual crimes and sadism,† state psychologists when asked if cannibalism can be considered a true crime, or if it is just a taboo of western culture (Capraro â€Å"Cannibalism is not a Crime†). Cannibalism isn’t listed as a crime;  the only trespasses a person can be tried for are manslaughter and rape. There is no sentencing to accompany the cutting up or eating of the body. Some people say that cannibalism should be labeled as murder. What if it was not murder that was committed? The custom of the sea dictates that, when a boat is crashed or stranded, survivors are to rely on the dead for food. There is no murder involved if the dead had come to be so due to natural causes. Society has become engrossed with stories of cannibals, murderers, and rapists. People gossip and read in depth about such crimes, feasting on the horrible tales which western culture has only read in stories from Edgar Allen Poe and the like. But what about when it happens in their own culture, to people on their own street? One name sticks out when cannibalism comes up: Armin Meiwes. The case of German native Meiwes is tricky because he could not be sentenced since cannibalism is rarely committed in today’s western culture and is not classified as a crime in Germany. Meiwes’s â€Å"victim,† Bernd Brandes, a man who was in a sexual relationship with Meiwes, had conceded to be killed and eaten by Meiwes. Meiwes could only be convicted for killing upon request and disturbing the peace of the dead (i.e. eating the body instead of burying it). Meiwes admits to being a true cannibal, and is acceptance of his branding as a murderer. But cannibalism does not always involve murder. Brandes consented to having part of him cut off and eaten, thus leaving him alive, and then later asked to be killed and consumed. Meiwes will be forever classified as psychotically disturbed and sexually perverse for his disposition on cannibalism. Society is unacceptable of cases such as Armin Meiwes simply because of the horrific act that is involved. The public demands stronger sentencing, or the death penalty as an eye-for-an-eye repayment. Cannibalism has been passed down through generations around the world, and as time has progressed it has become an ugly, horrible act. Yet, we are obsessed with learning about it. The famous book Hannibal by Thomas Harris spawned movies and general interest in the acts that the main character committed. Harris also gives the view of why cannibalism happens. Most cases of cannibalism occur from a deep psychological problem. Maybe the person who committed the act is  extreme obsessive-compulsive and cannot stand to have a mess; therefore, eating the body disposes of the mess and clears the act from the mind. As a child, the â€Å"cannibal† may not have had a strong relationship with their same sex parent and developed an over-dependent relationship with the opposite parent or a si bling. Such as Armin Meiwes, who had no apparent male figure in his life, consuming the flesh of someone he was close to was a way of keeping the person close to himself forever. As stated before, cannibalism can be seen as the highest level of sexual perversion, therefore many of Freud’s theories on oral fixation and sexual aggression can provide a possible explanation of the thought process of cannibalistic people. The perpetrator of the behavior is fixated on sexual pleasure resulting from the mouth. He or she enjoys the acts of sucking, biting, and chewing, often resulting in a need to have something constantly in his or her mouth. The way cannibalism fits in is that the act of eating another human is on a high level of sexual aggressiveness. The orally fixated person gets pleasure from eating another human, both sexually and orally. Many people who have been convicted of murder and the act of cannibalism have shown to eat those close to them. Either it is a companion, a lover, or a relative that is being consumed. The reasoning behind this is that the consumer wants to remain close to whomever it is for as long as possible, and when that person dies, the consumer sees eating them as a way of reincarnation because he or she is becoming a part of the consumer, thus their life continues. Obviously, this way of thinking is psychotically disturbing and when a person is convicted of such acts, they are put into an institution for the mentally disturbed. Can we send a person to jail for committing cannibalism even though they are psychologically unstable? Or do we take the risk of sending them to an institution to be â€Å"fixed,† and slowly reintroduce them to society? The world pretends to be blind of such acts and prefers to shut away those who do them. This is not taking care of the problem. Yes, the world o f the 1800s chose to shut their eyes against the survival techniques of the Donner Party, but that did not solve the issue of how to deal with the survivors. Survivors of such a tragic incident must slowly be reintroduced into the world. They should not feel that the world is an unsafe place just because they survived. People who willingly commit  cannibalism need to see the wrongs of what they did. On the other hand, people need to see why they did it in order to fully understand the reasoning. What the western culture claims is a taboo, the African culture deems it a ritualistic rite. Today, cannibalism has been turned into a sort of joke. In the cartoons, when two men are stranded on an island, one sees the other and imagines him as a big, juicy steak, thus invoking a chase of sorts. Is that not what happens when two people truly are stranded and starving? The custom of the sea states that when a boat is wrecked, the survivors must be willing to eat whatever is available, even if it is one another. Society does not realize that jokes, shows, and books influence the thoughts of everybody. Many times people will say in a joking matter that â€Å"he tasted just like chicken,† when referring to the eating of one another. In reality, people who make these jokes may someday be faced with the choice of living or dying, and the factor that will keep them alive is eating the person who â€Å"tastes just like chicken.† As disturbing as that thought may be, it is true. Humans’ first reaction in life or death situations is to preserve their own lives. When it comes to women in motherhood, they prefer to save their children’s lives first. If a family is faced with the obstacle of living or dying, such as the Donner Party families, their first choice is going to be to live. A mother wants her children to live, to experience life, even if that means do anything possible to survive. If the family must resort to cannibalism, is it a crime? Can the human race look dow n upon one another just for surviving? It would be ludicrous to believe that people should be abolished just because they chose to live instead of succumbing to death. When boiled down, Cannibalism is essentially only in two categories: survival cannibalism and learned cannibalism. The intrinsic side of modern Homo sapiens deals with survival cannibalism and justifies its cause. The moral side of the human brain cannot fathom the reasoning behind learned cannibalism. Why the ancestors began that tradition is a mystery. Was it first started from starvation? Did the first Homo sapiens not find food and decided to turn on one another? Or was it because of their belief in magic, the belief that humans contained magical powers and by digesting their flesh they absorbed the powers unto themselves? This mystery will remain unsolved, just as the mystery of who started the oral legends in Native American cultures. The reasoning behind society’s outlaws of cannibalism, either  survival or learned, is another mystery, yet it is one that can be solved. In native cultures, such as the Caribs, cannibalism was an everyday ordeal. As time progressed, people on the western hemisphere of the world chose to become more sophisticated. This involved the abolishing of all other cultural practices, from the clothes that were worn to the rituals that were participated in. Christianity was taught throughout the world, and cannibalism fell into the gray area of sins. Only anthropologists understood the need for converging into the act of survival cannibalism, and saw the importance of understanding why it was a ritual so long ago. The society that is shown cannibalistic behavior today is horrified by it because the behavior had not been practiced for so long that even the survival technique became unspeakable. Cannibalism started out as a ritual, a rite of sorts that was common to engage in. Then it moved into a state of survival, a technique only used when one is faced with death. Now, it is considered a perverse, revolting taboo that is blasphemed and blown out of proportion by media. Can one really take an opinion on this? Who can honestly, without a doubt, know for a fact that he or she would not turn to cannibalistic behavior when confronted with starvation? No one can give an honest answer to that question until they have been put in the situation. The brain switches from living by the standards of society to the survival instinct possessed by all living creatures. In all honesty, we are no different from the wolves that will eat a member of the pack in order to live. Works Cited Burton, Gabrielle. Impatient with Desire: The Lost Journal of Tamsen Donner. New York: Hyperion, 2010. â€Å"Cannibalism.† Compton’s by Encyclopedia Britannica. 2005 ed. Capraro, Ingo. â€Å"Cannibalism ‘not a crime.’† News24. 14 Dec 2002. Ellis, Meredith A.B. et al. â€Å"The Signature of Starvation: A Comparison of Bone Processing at a Chinese Encampment in Montana and the Donner Party Camp in California.† July 2010. U of Montana College of Arts and Sciences. Stranded: I’ve Come From A Plane That Crashed on the Mountains. Dir. Gonzalo Arijon. Pro. Gonzalo Arijon. 2007. Zeitgeist video, 2008. DVD.

Free Essays on Welfare Reform

WELFARE REFORM: CHANGING FACES FROM COAST TO COAST HISTORY The welfare system began as a ‘local’ program. â€Å"When and where public relief was needed, it was left up to state and local officials to provide it.† Each town made up their own set of rules and regulations concerning who would be helped. â€Å"By the early 1900’s, a number of states were requiring cities and countries to offer some assistance to their neediest† (Weiss, 1990, p. 34). Because each town was responsible for their own poor, rules were often made to dissuade would-be users of the assistance programs. â€Å"Local authorities were clever about reducing the welfare price tag with strategies designed to discourage people from applying for relief. One popular tactic, used widely until the mid-twentieth century, was to list welfare recipients by name in the town’s annual written report† (Weiss, 1990, p. 35). Given today’s confidentiality policies, this would not be tolerated. Applicants and recipients are granted a great deal of privacy, protecting them from the public humiliation that was popular in historical times.  · PRESIDENTIAL INFLUENCE During, and following, the Great Depression, President Hoover was against a federally funded welfare programs. â€Å"Hoover was convinced that ‘socialistic’ welfare programs would wreck what remained of the nations’ economy† (Weiss, 1990, p. 38). However, the American people were ready and willing to make a change. During his election campaign, President Roosevelt proposed his creation known as the New Deal. This program â€Å"succeeded in relieving suffering and giving the nation renewed hope.† Job programs were created and millions of people were placed in these programs. While Roosevelt enjoyed the success of his idea, â€Å"he was uncomfortable with the thought that his programs might prove to be the first step toward U.S. adoption of federal welfare on a broad and permanent basis† (Weiss, 199... Free Essays on Welfare Reform Free Essays on Welfare Reform WELFARE REFORM: CHANGING FACES FROM COAST TO COAST HISTORY The welfare system began as a ‘local’ program. â€Å"When and where public relief was needed, it was left up to state and local officials to provide it.† Each town made up their own set of rules and regulations concerning who would be helped. â€Å"By the early 1900’s, a number of states were requiring cities and countries to offer some assistance to their neediest† (Weiss, 1990, p. 34). Because each town was responsible for their own poor, rules were often made to dissuade would-be users of the assistance programs. â€Å"Local authorities were clever about reducing the welfare price tag with strategies designed to discourage people from applying for relief. One popular tactic, used widely until the mid-twentieth century, was to list welfare recipients by name in the town’s annual written report† (Weiss, 1990, p. 35). Given today’s confidentiality policies, this would not be tolerated. Applicants and recipients are granted a great deal of privacy, protecting them from the public humiliation that was popular in historical times.  · PRESIDENTIAL INFLUENCE During, and following, the Great Depression, President Hoover was against a federally funded welfare programs. â€Å"Hoover was convinced that ‘socialistic’ welfare programs would wreck what remained of the nations’ economy† (Weiss, 1990, p. 38). However, the American people were ready and willing to make a change. During his election campaign, President Roosevelt proposed his creation known as the New Deal. This program â€Å"succeeded in relieving suffering and giving the nation renewed hope.† Job programs were created and millions of people were placed in these programs. While Roosevelt enjoyed the success of his idea, â€Å"he was uncomfortable with the thought that his programs might prove to be the first step toward U.S. adoption of federal welfare on a broad and permanent basis† (Weiss, 199...

What to Do When You Are Bored in Class

What to Do When You Are Bored in Class Who hasn’t zoned out in class before? Whether your professor has a monotonous voice or you just didn’t get enough sleep last night, everyone has times when paying attention in class is a challenge. Here are some things you can do when boredom overcomes you during a lecture: Eat or Drink Something Depending on your class rules, a quick blood sugar or caffeine boost can be exactly what you need. Just make sure it’s not distracting to the rest of the class such as eating something crunchy or something with an overpowering smell. A fruit salad or cereal bar can be ideal snacks for a classroom setting. Chewing gum can also help give you something to do while you’re passing the time. A cup of coffee is a great pick-me-up for any time of the day and could be just the boost you need to make you sit up and pay attention. Record The Class If you simply can’t pay attention to the lecture, try using a recording app on your phone to make sure you at least have the class on file. That way you can listen to it later when you’re able to concentrate better. Some recording apps also give a written version of the recording, which can be convenient for you to look over. Take a Lot of Notes Sometimes when the teacher is droning on and it’s hard for you to keep focused on what they’re saying, it can be helpful to just write down as much as you can from their lecture. Keep your pen moving as he/she speaks and try to capture as much as you can. This will give you something to concentrate on and keep from zoning out. It will also ensure that you have some enviable class notes that your classmates who fell asleep will want to borrow. Participate More If your professor has class activities such as breaking you up into groups or allowing for question and answer periods, make sure you participate, even if you don’t feel like it. It can force you to wake up and engage more seriously with the material. Ask questions, offer to be a group leader or volunteer to take part in an informal debate. Read Your Textbook You might not be able to pay attention to what your professor is saying, but it could help if you look over your textbook to remind yourself of the context of their lecture. As you read, keep an ear tuned to your professor’s voice to see if what they’re saying connects with the content you’re reading to help you follow along better. Count Everyone has days when their attention span is less than desired. You can’t be â€Å"on† all the time. If you find yourself spacing out in the middle of a lecture, give yourself a break and count to 100. Counting will likely be more boring than your teacher’s lesson so take a big breath after you get to 100 and prepare yourself to focus. Every time you space out again after that, count to ten and then get your focus back on track. This gives your brain a temporary break and allows you to reset. Use Fun Note-Taking Tools When you were a kid, you probably liked using crayons or colored pencils or funny erasers and notebooks with your favorite cartoon characters for school. So, make note-taking fun again by buying some cool accessories, whether it’s colored markers, fun stationary, or other things that ignite your excitement. You could also use a note-taking app on your tablet that makes it more entertaining for you to go to class. Whatever you end up doing to get through class, just make sure you’re not interrupting your professor or being a distraction to your classmates. image credit: flickr.com

Economic Integration has been the Most Concrete and Visible Essay

Economic Integration has been the Most Concrete and Visible Achievement of the EU Since its Creation - Essay Example The process of economic integration has been developed by the EU through involving the facet of political integration amid the member nations in order to establish a well-built monetary paradigm which could facilitate to strengthen the trade activities through considering efficient monetary guidelines (Seller, 2007). Political integration has been considered as the practice whereby countries pass over the desire as well as the ability to perform domestic and foreign guidelines of each other in an independent manner. This process is intended to strengthen decision making process of the nations rather than seeking mutual decision in terms of developing their new central organ. The term ‘political integration’ is also defined as a framework whereby the political leaders in different settings of national districts are influenced to alter their desired expectation as well as political activities to a well-structured new centre (Bache & et. al., 2011). Emphasizing upon the different practices and decisions of the EU in the context of monetary phenomenon, the major purpose of this report is to discuss the concept of economic integration in the EU. ... The process is intended to uphold lower prices both for the distributors and customers with the intention of enhancing the joint economic efficiency of the nations (Jovanovic, 2002). The concept of economic integration has been derived from Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) which had been taken by the European Council in the year 1991 and was preserved later under the treaty of EU. EMU has been recognized as an early step in terms of practicing the process of economic integration. The extent of economic integration can be segregated into six different steps which are designed to augment efficiency and empower the economic development of the states. In accordance with the economic integration process designed by the EU, the six major steps are namely the Preferential Trading Area, Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union as well as Complete Economic Integration (European Commission, 2012). Preferential Trading Area (PTA): Preferential trading areas (P TA) can be stated as certain areas, regions, states or nations among which the trade activities are conducted in a minimum custom barrier (Holden, 2003). Free Trade Area: It can be recognized as a group or collection of certain countries that appeal to maintain low trade policies as well as control mechanisms in terms of tariffs while performing trade activities amid each other. Free trade areas endorse the approving nations to freely execute trade activities of their products and/services so as to create economic efficiency of both the countries (Rodrigue, 2013). Customs Union (CU): The step tends to set widespread external tariffs between the member nations and

Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Creativity - Essay Example However, Csikszentmihalyi suggested that young students "cannot be creative, but all creative adults were once young students' (Csikszentmihalyi, 1966:156). The entire idea of this statement by Csikszentmihalyi is dependent on the fact that young students "can show tremendous talent, but they cannot be creative because creativity involves changing a way of doing things, a way of thinking, and that in turn requires having mastered the old ways of doing/ thinking. No matter how precocious a student is this he cannot do' (1996:155). In other words Csikszentmihalyi stated that it is education that makes an individual creative. In this context it would be relevant to mention that Amabile suggested that "...creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the second" (Amabile et al 1996). As it is Csikszentmihalyi viewed creativity as the highest achievement of human mind as he states that "Creativity is the central source of life for several reasons. Most of the things that are interesting, important and human are the result of creativity." (1997: 1) Csikszentmihalyi's views in this context suggested that there is an attempt of invoking creativity within young students but there can be no conviction that the method proved the usher of creativity within young students of 12-16 years. It s... knowledge that they wish to acquire but they stressed on the particulars of methods and neglected creativity by keeping it aside as they implied that it is a inheriting part of the young student's mechanism. In this regard we can enumerate the ideas put forward by Emerson who suggested that "by our tempering and thwarting and too much governing he may be hindered from his end and kept out on his own" (Emerson 251) In other words Emerson believed that the students should be given enough liberty to formulate their own approach towards education or they are creative enough to formulate one. This again is an alternative view of Csikszentmihalyi's views that suggested that even if there are no direct evidence of creativity there always remains an element of attempt to be creative all along. Literature review View of Csikszentmihalyi states that "creativity results from the interaction of a system composed of three elements: a culture that contains symbolic rules, a person who brings novelty into the symbolic domain, and a field of experts who recognize and validate the innovation." (1997: 6) but in the same context Freire suggests that it " emerges through invention and reinvention, through the restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful enquiry men peruse in the world, with the world, and with each other." (Freire 319) Thus it can be enumerated that this element according to Freire is more of a reflex action rather than a formulated procedure and it can be further mentioned that this process of learning is an instrument of survival that was incorporated within us from the prehistoric era and he expects every young student to be creative. Freire stressed that the education of young students must involve their senses. He presents guidelines for creating an educational

Individual Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Design - Essay Example As I reflected upon the ways and means by which I may achieve this simultaneously straightforward yet complex task, I found that I had two possible options. The first, which I immediately dismissed as a non-option, was for me to hold off until all designs were finalized, following from which I could design my furniture piece around them. This was an unrealistic notion since group members were committed to the same deadline and were I to wait until the last moment, not only would I be holding the group project back but, in essence, would not be leaving myself enough time to work on my design. The second option, therefore, imposed itself upon me as the only feasible one. As per this option, I had to remain within the boundaries of our selected logo and slogan, ensure that my furniture piece, in and by itself, complement and communicated the said logo and slogan, not to mentioned the ambience which we, as a group had decided upon. Added to that, I had to go through the relevant academic literature on the topic for the purposes of easing the task at hand through the provision of a guideline for furniture design and design ideas. As I was reading through the said literature and browsing through the Internet, I discovered that the concept of design detail was extremely important. A designer is not supposed to just focus on the overall appearance of the piece but must pay particular attention to every detail which contributes to the said appearance and which contributes to the functionality of the piece and the extent to which it satisfies its objectives. My piece (couch, sofa, chair, seating area) had to satisfy a number of objectives. It had to be inviting, comfortable, easy on the eyes, and in sync with the entirety of the lounge. The rationale behind the mentioned objectives is that the seating area has to be comfortable enough so as to encourage patrons to spend longer periods of time in whirlpool. It also has to be inviting and warm in order to motivate patronage of the place. In other words, I rationalized the listed design objectives as being integral to the promotion of Whirlpool as a comfortably, friendly and warm place where patrons cannot only be assured of quality service but of an ambience which helps them to unwind and relax. Additional objectives emerged from a consideration of the Lounge's theme, logo and slogan. Whirling, soothing water dominated the aforementioned and hence, it had to be somehow communicated through and integrated within the design of my piece. Whirls and swirling lines can do so and therefore, the structure of my piece included the stated just as the pattern include swirl images. It did so, however, in a subtle way so as to communicate the message without screaming it out loud, potentially disturbing and annoying visitors and distracting them from the entirety of the lounge. In other words, design subtlety was motivated by the imperatives of my piece fitting in with the rest and of forming part of a whole and of ensuring that it did not stand out from the rest. By adhering to the above stated guidelines and objectives, my furniture piece ultimately became part of a whole and combined with that whole to communicate the Lounge's theme. Journal Details are everywhere. They are born out of the materials or the construction process used. At times they become transitions between elements, where a closer examination of the type

A detailed case study on the Rolls-Royce company

A detailed case study on the Rolls-Royce company Evolution of Rolls-Royce The glorious inception of car manufacturing business was pioneered by F.H. Royce and C.S. Rolls when they met in 1904 and in 1906 the company ROLLS-ROYCE Ltd was formed to unveil the six-cylinder Silver Ghost which, within a year, was acclaimed as the best car in the world. In 1914 the First World War necessitates aero engine the Eagle, designed by Royce was used in the air war by the allies. Later the company underwent diverse advancement towards improved aero-engine, gas turbine. Subsequently after acquisitions and mergers of other companies Rolls-Royce emerged as the only company in Britain proficient in delivering power for use in the air, at sea and on land. (See appendix for details) Rolls-Royce (2010) 1.2 Rolls -Royce at the present ROLLS-ROYCE GROUP PLC is a public limited company incorporated on 21st march 2003 and is registered in England under the UK companies Act 1985 having registered office in 65, Buckingham Gate, London in United Kingdom. The registration number of the company is 04706930. (Companieshouse 2010). ROLLS-ROYCE GROUP PLC is listed on LSE. It is a global conglomerate and world-leading provider of power solutions for consumer in aerospace, marine and energy markets. Today it is the worlds second largest civil aero engine company, the worlds second largest defence aero engine company, a global leader in marine propulsion and a leading supplier of energy solutions. 1.3 Stakeholders and Rolls-Royce Stakeholders are the person or group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in organization because it can affect or be affected by the organisations actions, objectives, decisions and policies. (Freeman,1984, pp.25) Stakeholders are Shareholders, customers, suppliers and distributors, employees, local communities. Management holds fiduciary relationship with its stakeholders and work for retaining interest of stakeholders at large. (Friedman Miles, 2006, p.1) The board of directors manages work of the company on behalf of the company. In Rolls-Royce the board is accountable to companys stakeholders regarding performance of company, the approval of certain matters which affect the shape and risk profile of the Company like the annual budget and performance targets, the financial statements, payments to shareholders, major capital investments and any substantial change to balance sheet management policy etc. Shareholders, customers, suppliers, employees constitute essential part of stakeholders in Rolls-Royce. Suppliers are valuable to the Rolls Royce Group and it follows the Supply Chain Relationships in Aerospace (SCRIA) to protect the interest of the suppliers as it provides the best possible terms from suppliers and when entering into binding purchasing contracts, gives consideration to quality, delivery, price and the terms of payment. As the Company is a holding company and does not itself trade, it owed no amounts to trade creditors at December 31, 2009 and therefore the number of creditor days required to be shown in Annual report to comply with the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 is nil. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.78) Financial statements are prepared by Rolls Royce in accordance with IFRSs, GAAP as adopted by the EU and UK respectively and as per requirements of the Companies Act 2006; and, as regards the Group financial statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation. Rolls-Royce maintains an effective corporate governance framework that protects investors and aspires to deliver long-term value to shareholders. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.70-71) Rolls-Royce in AGM highlighted key business developments during the year and discussed about crucial matters like declaration of dividend, appointment of directors and auditors, consider accounts, giving shareholders opportunity to ask questions regarding the company they are holding. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.75-76) COMPANY AND INTERACTION WITH STAKEHOLDERS 2.1 Legal Form As a whole trading entity can be branched out as Sole traders, Partnerships, Limited partnerships, Limited liability partnerships, Limited by Guarantee companies, unlimited companies, Public companies. As per UK Companies Act four types of companies exist. Formation of company helps the owner to limit the liability as company differs from the person as far as concept of corporate personality (separate legal entity which is distinct from the owner) is concerned. But when it is necessary to protect the stakeholders interest from fraud and deception of management the corporate veil of company is lifted. In limited liability companies the owner or partners are not personally answerable and liable for potential losses of the company. Unlike these companies, sole traders and partnership firm cannot exercise the scope of funds for expansion (Black, 2004, p.67). RR is public limited company with option of raising fund from public and preferred to be group of companies. When a company holds the shares of another company, former company is holding company that owns shares in subsidiary company, the later one. In group of company under one holding company various subsidiary companies inhabit. Sometimes group of companies appear as a result of the merger and acquisition of a new company. When a company merges with or acquires numerous companies E+W+S+N.I. it is quite unmanageable to keep accounting books and records, prepare annual accounts and to hold an Annual General Meeting of shareholders for those companies under one company head. Establishment of group companies reduces hazards of risky business through a subsidiary to limit the groups exposure to the risk. (The National Archives, 2010) Options/Help RR is the holding company and does not trade on its own account. The groups chief operating subsidiary is RR. Entire business actions of the group are performed by RR and its subsidiaries. RR shares its registered office with RR group PLC but with different company registration number 1003142 under the UK companies Act 1985. Other companies which are indirectly held by the group incorporated within the UK and outside UK can be segregated under different heads like civil aerospace, marine, energy, corporate. There are also a variety of companies which can be held as Joint venture and associates. (See Appendix 2) (Rolls-Royce, 2010) 2.2 Corporate Governance in Rolls Royce Recent corporate scams and fraudulent activities of large company like Enron in US, Polly Peck plc and Mirror Group plc in UK became noticeable and consequently Sarbanes-Oxley Act appeared in July 2002. To prevent the deception and misleading activities of companys strong presence of corporate governance with constituent like participation of BOD and committees are essentials. RR prioritises corporate governance at highest level for the reason that stakeholders interest is controlled, managed and directed by the company. The Company is exposed to the Combined Code on Corporate Governance published in June 2008 by the Financial Reporting Council (the Combined Code). (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.66) It is the board which is responsible for managing company and day to day operation of business and accountable to stakeholders. The BOD of Rolls-Royce comprises of fourteen directors with the non-executive Chairman, the Chief Executive, eight non-executive directors and four other executive directors thereby complying the regulation regarding corporate governance. Board Effectiveness The board takes special care to retain independence of non executive directors to strengthens corporate governance and protect stakeholders because the non-executive directors represent stakeholders interests. One of the most important facts is that the non-executive directors are not employees and do not participate in the daily business management of the Group. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.70) The non executives are highly considerable as they are independent in character and judgment with relevant expert knowledge and determination of good governance and high standard of investor relation. (Dunne Morris pp7-10) Different committees have been set up to determine effective and successful governance practice with corporate responsibility towards stakeholders. These Committees play a critical role reviewing, formulating and recommending governance principles concerning business. COMMITTEES These committees support the company for improved business maneuver. Along with this company has properly identified various risks which are properly mitigated through measure for better governance. (Details in section 4) In Annual report of Rolls-Royce disclosures are made fulfilling the factors as depicted by the Companys Act 2006 (applied to the Plc which is listed in LSE) such as Business review must contain information on future development, performance and position of the business environmental issues, employees and social issues contractual and other arrangement (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.1-65) and in addition to this the company website contains annual report and accounts, results of the polled votes at AGM and result of the fact that the company gives certain minority shareholders the right to require independent scrutiny of any polled vote to abide by the regulation.(Rolls-Royce 2010) Abovementioned administration of corporate governance not only helps the shareholder to identify the companys risk profile, structure, culture, vision and course of action to invest further but also helps other stakeholders to meet their needs and obligations. 3. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS RR uses pre tax discount rate for the present value calculation of future cash flows and inventory, work in progress is calculated in first in first out basis. RR has considered net realisable value is selling price minus costs incurred by marketing, selling and distribution. Cash flow projection in goodwill calculation is under assumptions of defined discount rates, growth rates, foreign exchange rates and WACC at 12.75. In order book calculation RR has excluded the future order option on top of the placed orders. These best practices are common for going concern and conforming Section 418 of the Companies Act 2006. (Annual report, 2009) 3.1 Financial Statements In this report financial analysis is done through ratio analysis of provided financial statements. Financial statements have been prepared based on IFRS, which is issued by IASB. This preparation is common for EU and onset of UK GAAP. (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, 2003) 3.2 Ratio analysis Ratio analysis is a tool for financial analysis to evaluate firms, industries. Ratio analysis helps to find the trend as well as to compare among the competitors using the financial statements. Mainly five types of ratios are helpful to judge different financial aspects. These ratios are liquidity, asset management, debt management, profitability and market value. All the ratios are important but value and importance differ with the company and industry. Like debt management ratio will be important for higher borrowed firm to judge the bankruptcy risk. (Brigham Houston, 2009) Revenue, Gross Profit and Operating Profit have increased from 2008 to 2009. In 2009 RR has turnaround from loss to huge profit. Even company earning changed from negative to positive. This change in profit is mainly due to the huge decrease of financing costs from 3186 million  £ to 491 million  £. In 2009 RR has managed to get big amount of financing income. There is a no significant change in balance sheet item except the considerable amount of reduction of other financial liabilities. Net asset of RR has changed significantly due to the noticeable decrease in liabilities. (Historical Prices, 2010) RR has outperformed both LSE and BOE return for last 12 months period. From our previous financial analysis we found RRs good performance and growth in revenue which is mainly based on accounting figures but ultimately reflected in market also. RR is the market leader and main competitors are Dassault Aviation, Saab AB and MTU Aero Engines. RRs aero engine business serves two distinct market segments like new engine sales to Boeing and Airbus Industries engine parts sales to maintenance companies. So RR caters both primary and secondary markets. In this market the competition is distributed in commercial and technical side, which is also catered by General Electric and Pratt Whitney. Company has increased market share from10% in 1970 by investing in RD for new engine development and also for better services. Overall the market is oligopolistic and capital intensive. The key determinants for sustainable competitiveness are technology, RD outcome. (Annual report, 2009) 3.4 Strategy Recommendation RR has five key strategies like four market segments, better technology, competitive portfolio, increasing market share and value added services. RR has strong brand, domain knowledge, integrated system and operational excellence to implement these strategies. (Our strategy, 2010) SWOT (Porter, 2008) RR is in such industry where the numbers of buyers are very less so this is quite price makers type market or more easily can be said that the price of products of RR is set by buyers. But recently with increase in global carriers the demand is uptrend but here life long guarantee in engines are desirable. In supplier side RR follows the dual sourcing strategy so the power of suppliers reduced and high precision can be reached. Very high entry barrier is there to this industry, where brand reputation and domain knowledge is very key determinants of success. There is no substitute of engines and aerospace. (Data source from Annual report, based on own analysis and see exhibit 5 for details) Recommendation From above strategic and financial analysis, it is recommended that RR is strong in operation but few segments are not performing well, so few strategies are to be taken to increase the key indicators. 4. INTERNAL PROCESS AND STRUCTURES Some companies operate better in competitive environment than other due to implementation of their strategy on organization. Organisational structure does not mean only having best team with best skills to execute particular achievement but organistional effectiveness can be attained by closely interacting and interlinking them through finding creative solutions to execute business operation. Organisational Effectiveness is the result of effective interplay of a companys vision and strategic goals with the chosen structural design, processes, assigned responsibilities, available skills, knowledge and capabilities, and reliable performance measure. (Dressler pp.43) Combination of strategic perspective and core categories of Organisational Effectiveness creates strategic framework. Strategic management process is completed by carry out strategic direction setting, strategic alignment and strategic control. 4.1 Internal control and risk management Internal control and risk management procedure of Rolls Royce is very neatly framed to detect, monitor, manage and mitigate risks arising both from financial and operational viewpoint. The internal control system manages and thrives to eliminate failure of attainment of business goal. The risk committee is observant to the system of risk management and is responsible for reporting the principal risks , for implementing the Boards policies on risk and internal control and reviews the results of the risk management process to diminish them. The audit committee reviews credit, market or liquidity risks. The ethics committee reviews those risks which significantly affects ethical part happens to be threats to reputation to esteemed company. The day-to-day management activity involves risks and risks which operates at all levels in the Group flows from upper section of management towards subordinate It is every managers responsibility is to be attentive to indulge in risk mitigating activ ities whatever business decision they takes. (Rolls-Royce Annual Report 2009, pp74) 4.2 Procedure of Risk management Risks are recognized and identified to update in framework of risk register so that management can review to assess them for subsequent reduction of risk. The company has followed a consistent strategy for twenty years and investment in technology for future growth in a good way. As a result of this strategy, Rolls-Royce today has a broad customer base comprising more than 600 airlines, 4,000 corporate and utility aircraft and helicopter operators, 160 armed forces, more than 2,000 marine customers, including 70 navies, and energy customers in nearly 120 countries, with an installed base of 54,000 gas turbines. Rolls-Royce having 38,000 skilled employees in offices, manufacturing and service facilities with presence in 50 countries the group is thriving for developing employee skills. (Rolls-Royce) The company is continuing in sustaining development of the Companys strategy to bring long term value for investor within an acceptable risk profile. It also keeps eye on the monitoring of the strategy implementation along with retaining safeguard of the values of the Company, including its brand and corporate reputation and the safety of its products. 4.3 Implementation in Rolls-Royce Aforementioned diagram shows the strategy for entire business process as a whole highlighting on technology, infrastructure, and development of competitive portfolio of products and services, closeness to customer, brand, organic growth, partnership and acquisition through last twenty years. 4.4 Balance score Card Balance score card is a set of measures that gives top managers a fast but comprehensive view of business, a tool for measurement of business performance. (Kaplan and Norton, 1992) the model has four perspectives Financial perspective, Customer perspective, internal business perspective, Innovation and learning perspective. The customer perspective detects goals for time, quality, performance and service which has effect on the customer. (Harvard Business Review, 992, p.73). Internal business perspective recognizes the processes and competences are identified arising from the most important issues for customers. (Harvard Business Review, 1992, pp.74-75). Innovation and learning perspective is referring to the ability of a company to innovate, improve and learn ties directly to the companys value (Harvard Business Review, 1992, p. 76). From the financial perspective, financial performance indicating companys strategy, implementation and execution are measured to measure profit improvement (Harvard Business Review, 1992, pp.77). All perspectives categorise goals and measures to be made available. Through the Balanced Scorecard, the strategy of a business can be communicated clearly and ensured that all employees follow the same goals (California Management Review, 1996, p.57). Training in RR improved employee skills, which helps to maintain the core competencies of RR in tradition. This Internal quality along with higher productivity and online delivery gives limited customers of RR to maintain long term relation. ROCE of last three years is on an average consistent, which is maintained due to this cascading effect. (California Management Review, 1996, p.66) CONCLUSION Rolls-Royce emphasizes transparency and high standard of governance, ethics and integrity. The brand of Rolls-Royce symbolizes reliability, integrity and innovation and is most valuable asset of the company than their engineering excellence. Fabricating grand product and delivering services is not enough in current competitive market but it is the trust which is established through years by virtue of response of Rolls-Royce to the needs of customers building enduring relationships with customers, partners and other stakeholders consequently made them worlds leading-edge, international power system company. Financial position is improving from last year but key indicators and from strategic point of view Rolls-Royce should think of market portfolio. Product line and services are as per leaders approach but except civil aerospace, other segments are with lesser growth and prospect. ANNEXURE 6.1 References Books Brigham, E.F Houston, J.F. (2009) Fundamentals of Financial Management. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zepGuo84-8ACpg=PA121dq=financial+ratio+analysishl=enei=bJvXTPvrBo20vgPspYHnCQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=financial%20ratio%20analysisf=false Bull, R. (2008) Financial Ratios. Burlington, CIMA Publishing. BLACK, G.(2004) Applied Financial Accounting and Reporting. Oxford University Press. Dressler,S. (2004) Strategy, Organizational Effectiveness and performance management. Boca Raton, Universal-Publishers. Dunne, P. Morris ,G.D. (2008) Non-Executive Directors Handbook. US, Butterworth-Heinemann FREEMAN,R.E.(1984) Strategic Management: A stakeholder Approach., Boston, Pitman. FRIEDMAN,A.L Miles, S.(2006) Stakeholders: theory and practice. Oxford University Press, Journals KAPLAN, N. NORTON, D., (1992) The Balanced Scorecard Measure That Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review, January-February pp.71-79. KAPLAN, N. NORTON, D., (1996) Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy. California Management Review, 39 (1) pp.53- 79. Online Sources Annual Report. (2009) Delivering today, investing for the future. [online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/reports/2009/index.shtml [[Accessed 5th December 2010]. Companies House (2010). Select and access company information [online]Available from:www.companieshouse.gov.uk [Accessed 05/12/2010] Historical Prices. (2010) Rolls-Royce Group PLC (RR.L). [Online] Available from: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=RR.L+Historical+Prices [Accessed 5th December 2010]. Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. (2003) Accounting Standards. Available from: www.ifac.org/ComplianceAssessment/attachments/ICAEW_Attachment.pdf [Accessed 5th December 2010]. Porter, M.E. (2008) The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. [Online] Available from: http://hbr.org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shape-strategy/ar/1 [Accessed 5th December 2010]. Rolls Royce. (2010) Our strategy. [Online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/about/what_do/strategy/index.jsp [Accessed 5th December 2010]. Rolls-Royce. (2010).History Timeline[online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/about/heritage/timeline/graphical_timeline.jsp [Accessed 05/12/2010]. The National Archives (2010).The Company Act 2006 [online] Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46 Rolls-Royce.( 2010). Business Overview [online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/about/what_do/business_overview/index.jsp Rills-Royce.( 2010). History Timeline[online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/final_poll_figures_2010_tcm92-19721.pdf The times 100. (2000) Competing within a changing world. [Online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/competition_tcm92-11184.pdf [Accessed 5th December 2010]. 6.2 GLOSSARY Financial statements are Income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and statement of changes of equity. Turnover = Revenue from continuing operations, the figure is available from profit loss account. Operating profit= Profit on operations OR Profit from continuing operations Operating profit margin =( Operating profit / Turnover) x 100 Return on capital employed (ROCE) = (Operating profit/TALCL) x 100 TALCL= Total assets less current liabilities Asset turnover = Turnover/ TALCL Current ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilities Gearing = Long term borrowing/ TALCL x 100 Interest Cover = Profit before interest/ Interest payable Dividend Yield = Dividend per share/ Share price Earnings per Share (EPS) = Profit before dividends/ Number of ordinary shares Price/Earnings Ratio = Share price/ EPS Dividend Cover = Profit after tax / Dividends Stock Turnover = Sales/ Stock Debtors Turnover = Sales/ Debtors Creditors Turnover =Sales/ Creditors Working Capital Turnover =Sales/ Working Capital Quick or Acid Test Ratio = Current assets stock/ Current liabilities Debtors Collection Period = 365/ Debtors Turnover Creditors Payment Period = 365 / Creditors Turnover Du-Pont analysis = Financial leverage * Net profit margin * Total asset turnover Financial leverage = Total asset / Common stock equity Net profit margin = (Net profit / Turnover) x 100 Total asset turnover = Total revenue/ Total assets SOX is US Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 Order book EU= European Union IFRS= International Financial Reporting Standards IASB= International Accounting Standards Board GAAP= Generally Accepted Accounting Practices Group= Company and its subsidiaries together referred to as the Group WACC= weighted average cost of capital 6.4 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Profitability of Rolls-Royce is measured through Return on capital employed, Operating profit can be found from Profit and Loss account but total assets less current liabilities is available at Balance sheet. Efficiency of Rolls-Royce is measured through Asset turnover, Stock Turnover, Debtors Turnover and Creditors Turnover and Working Capital Turnover. Liquidity of Rolls-Royce is measured through Current ratio. Current assets and Current liabilities figure are available at Balance Sheet. Liquidity can measure through Debtors Collection Period, Creditors Payment Period. Structure of Rolls-Royce is measured through Gearing or using Dividend Cover, Earnings per Share (EPS), Price/Earnings Ratio, Dividend Yield and Interest Cover. Higher value of acid test ratio, creditors payment period, EPS, Dividend cover, interest cover ratio, price earning ratio is better but lower value debtors collection period is good for business.