Niccolo Machiavelli :: Papers

Niccolo Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli was conceived in Florence on 3 May 1469 during a period of extraordinary political movement in Italy. His first job in quite a while came at the youthful age of twenty-nine when the decision system of Savonrola tumbled from power in his local city. In spite of the fact that he had no past managerial foundation, Machiavelli was designated to fill in as second chancellor of the Florentine Republic under the new government. His assignment to this incredible discretionary post was in huge part because of the amazing impact of the Italian humanists who focused on the requirement for training in the sympathetic orders of Latin, talk, old style examines, antiquated history and good way of thinking  ­ subjects in which Machiavelli exceeded expectations as an understudy. The situation of second chancellor included significant duties regarding the remote and strategic relations of the republic and allowed Machiavelli the chance to travel and watch direct the triumphs and disappointments of pioneers all through Europe. It was from these encounters as a representative and represetative that Machiavelli shaped profound feelings about the strategy of viable initiative. To be sure, from his later works it is apparent that the establishment for quite a bit of his political way of thinking settled upon the exercises he drew from the conciliatory and military occasions of his time. Machiavelli's first task was determined to the court of Louis XII of France to mollify the French chief after a debacle in their partnership against Pisa. He immediately discovered that Florence's feeling of its own significance was obviously at chances with the real factors of its military position and relative riches. To anybody instructed in the school of current majesty, his local government seemed wavering and frail. Machiavelli acknowledged this shame and later expounded intensely on the political need of military quality, the threats of hesitation, the imprudence of seeming faltering, and the requirement for strength, savagery, and substantial force. A couple of years after the fact, in October of 1502, Machiavelli was sent to meet with Cesare Borgia, the duke of Romagna and a daring and compromising military force who later requested a proper partnership with the Florentines. It was during this season of incredible political disturbance and change in Italy that Machiavelli drew significant exercises from his perception and appraisal of contemporary statecraft.

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments - Essay Example This prompted request of a change on the framework to think of defensive rights for the members. The examination members reserve a privilege to be regarded in spite of the kind of research being led. Research consistently tries to learn new things about human conditions and the members that are included ought not be treated as objects of study yet as people. In the event that exploration is being led on lifeless things, at that point there are no ethical inquiries raised yet as long as individuals are included then they should be regarded. People ought to take an interest in look into in particular if the inquiries being tended to are significant and the dangers included are reasonable. The member ought to be educated and investment ought to be willful (Brody, 2007). What's more, the members have an insurance right to having free audit on the dangers and advantages of being associated with the examination. The specialist needs to guarantee that the members have surveyed the dangers and advantages included and they have seen that they are sensible. A set structure has the obligation of leading the surveys. This open door guarantees that a member sees the dangers corresponding to the potential advantages and volunteers to proceed with the exploration. The dangers and advantages ought to be inspected cautiously to abstain from neglecting the advantages over the dangers in question. The members additionally have right to security during the investigation. It is a members option to have protection interests comparable to individual data, their body, and the space they involve. Distinctive clinical investigations influence the spaces of security through various ways relying upon the destinations and strategies. The members reserve the privilege to control data identified with themselves. Protection ought to consistently be regarded and data on the members ought not be uncovered. It is the moral obligation of the agents or scientists protect

How to Juggle Being a College Student and an Avid Reader

How to Juggle Being a College Student and an Avid Reader People often ask me how I’m able to read while also attending classes full-time as a college student. While it’s no easy task, I believe that anyone can make time, throughout their day, to read. Whether you’re able to fit in five minutes or half an hour of reading, we all can find ways to dive into novels in the midst of our busy schedules. College is an incredibly busy time in any student’s life. A student’s time can get eaten up easily, between classes, assignments, extracurricular activities, internships, etc. This can leave them with no time to read for fun. But over the years, I’ve learned some tips and tricks to help me maintain a reading life while also being a college student. Schedule Reading into Your Day Creating a rigid schedule is key for any college student. While you ’re completing assignments, going to club meetings, or going to practice for a sport, you can also squeeze in some time for reading. I’ve spoken to many people who have made it a habit to read for thirty minutes before bed. This helps them unwind, relax, and step away from social media for the night.   Others may find time to read in the morning as they eat breakfast. By setting out a specific time to read, you’re making reading a priority in your life! It’s also important to note that you don’t have to read every day. There are times when I am too exhausted or busy to pick up a novel, and that is perfectly normal. Not everyone has the time to read every day. It’s okay if you miss a day from your reading schedule; that doesn’t make you any less of a reader. Try to set out a specific time to read every day, but remember that it’s okay if you miss a day or two from your schedule. Unwind and read During  the weekend Weekends are my favorite time to read because I don’t have any classes to attend and can spend my morning, in bed, reading a novel on my Kindle. If you still have obligations during the weekend, try setting an hour or a half to read. By deliberately setting out a time to read and adding it to your daily to-do list, you’re making it a small task which will help push yourself to read more. Never leave the house without a book I never travel without a book downloaded on my phone or a novel in my purse. I’ll never know if I’ll find the time to read on the go. I especially bring it to all my classes. If you tend to get to class half an hour early like I do, I spend that time reading in the hallway, in a lounge, or in the classroom I’m waiting in rather than spending my time scrolling through social media. Another way to read more often is to read in between classes. Whether it’s an hour break, in between classes, or fifteen minutes, one can always squeeze in some reading time. Id also recommend downloading a digital reading app on your phone (like Kindle, Nook, Libby, Overdrive, etc.) to read on the go if you don’t want to lug around a novel in your bag all day. Instead of opening Twitter or Instagram, open up your reading app and get a few pages read, here and there; they’ll add up eventually! stop procrastinating and read! Procrastination eats up precious time and is a bad habit for any student to have. For me, I’d like to call myself the opposite of a procrastinator. The moment I get an assignment I try to finish it as quickly as possible that way I have free time to read rather than worrying about a project, essay, or article that’s due. Instead of pushing off a task until you’re rushing to complete it the day before it’s due, try to complete it quickly, so you won’t have to worry about that specific class and can spend your time reading instead. Breaking out of a procrastination habit is difficult. But completing tasks early can help open up hours, if not days, of free time, especially during college where assignments are given weeks in advance. There’s also an immense satisfaction in finishing assignments days or weeks early; while students are scrambling to write essays or create projects, you can spend afternoons or nights reading, knowing you’ve already finished something that others are still stressing about. dont worry about how many books you read Being a student can eat up a lot of your time, especially if you juggle extracurricular activities, a part-time job, and other obligations. During college, peoples usual reading habits may be pushed off to the side or even forgotten about completely. I used to read 100 novels a year, during high school, but now I only read half that amount. College consumes free time, and that is perfectly okay. Embracing the fact that you won’t be able to read as often as you used to will help lift a weight off your shoulders. Hopefully, these tips will help push yourself to read more often, during the semester, but don’t worry if you aren’t reading as often as you once did. Our situations change over time, and as long as we adapt to them, we can always find a small amount of time to read throughout the day.

Essay on Human Genetic Screening - 2461 Words

Human Genetic Screening Human genetic screening is a process that is very complex and very powerful. Genetic screening may detect some inherited traits that may later on cause a person to have a disease that may alter his/her life. Human life, as with any other organism, is b uilt with cells. A human cell consists of forty-six chromosomes, which are paired into twenty-three different pairs. Each one of these chromosomes carries thousands of genes. Each gene consists of information that codes for a particular trait. This information is determined by the DNA found in that gene. A gene for one trait may have various alleles that will make one person appear a little different than that of a person with a different allele. An example would†¦show more content†¦The third type is the chromosomal aberrations. This type is caused by abnormalities of chromosomal structure or numberÓ (Griffiths, p. 5-6). With the information that researchers have found studying the DNA patterns of those with certain diseases, they now may be able to determine if a person carries the trait that is found in common in these diseases by taking a sample of his/her DNA. Ã’Genetics tests include techniques to examine genes or markers near the genes. Direct testing for diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia come from an analysis of an individualÕs specific genes. A technique called linkage analysis, or indirect testing, is used when the gene cannot be directly identified but can be located within a specific region of a chromosome. This testing requires additional DNA from an affected family member for comparison. Genetic testing results depend both o n reliable laboratory procedures and accurate interpretation of results. Tests also vary in sensitivity, that is their ability to detect mutations or to detect all patients who have or will get the disease. When interpreting the results o f any genetic t est, one must take into account the probability of false positive or false negative test results. Special training is required to be able to analyze and convey information about genetic testing to affected individuals and their familiesÓ (Web site: #). Genetic screeningShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Genetic Screening and Discrimination in Gattaca1801 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Genetic Screening and Discrimination in Gattaca Works Cited Missing A few months ago I watched a movie called Gattaca, which dealt with the issue of genetic discrimination in the near future. In the movie, people were separated into two classes, those that were genetically screened and positively altered before birth and the class that was unaltered. The separate classes had stark divisions, from what jobs that you were able to apply for to where you could eat. Security was aimed at keepingRead MoreGenetic Engineering Of Food Products Essay1769 Words   |  8 PagesGenetic engineering of food produce is considered a miracle technology. Many speculate that this discovery has the possibility to end world hunger. By mass producing and marketing produce, the associated costs will decrease. With lower production costs for crops, healthy options will not only be more accessible, but more affordable for customers as well. Some even contend that the overall health of the general population will improve. How does this affect the healthcare industry? If we can geneticallyRead MoreNew Techniques of Genetic Engineering1187 Words   |  5 PagesNew techniques of genetic engineering have spawned a new understanding of medical procedures and have increased biotechnology products that help us answer questions and solve problems that just one generation couldn’t dream of doing. We have taken Caution at every step during the process of creating biotechnology and genetic engineering procedures they have a huge potential impact. But today we have to decide to which degree these procedures and products be regulated and who gets the power to doRead MoreNewborn Genetic Screening Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of newborn genetic screening is to screen newborns for potential health concerns. Newborn genetic screening started in 1965 with the testing of one disorder, phenylketonuria (WDHS). Since then, newborn genetic screening has evolved and over 4 million newborns are screened in the U.S. every year (CCHC Report). Currently, in the state of Wisconsin, there are 47 different disorders that are tested for (WDHS). The process of screening newborns is a relatively short procedure. Before aRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Prenatal Screening Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesdeformities such as genetic mutation which causes mental retardation, abnormal body buildup and other conditions which bring a lot of troubles in the future to the child themselves and their parents. Modern technologies and innovations in the medical field had developed a method to detect the abnormality before delivery and prevent this future tragedy to happen. This method is known as prenatal screening. There are several advantages and disadvantages of prenatal screening. Prenatal screening is a testRead MoreGenetic Testing or Genetic Screening1514 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic testing, also known as screening, is a rapidly advancing new scientific field that can potentially revolutionize not only the world of medicine, but many aspects of our lives. Genetic screening is the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological. As genetic screening becomes more advanced and easily accessible, it presents society with difficult questions that must be asked about the boundaries of science and to whatRead MoreLifelong Health Benefits of Mandatory Genetic Screenings1497 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduction to the field of medicine more than a century ago, genetic screenings have become incorporated in many fields of healthcare, including reproductive health and cancer prevention. Genetic screening is a method of identifying genetic disorders through the study of an individual’s DNA. The y can be used to determine predisposition for various disorders such as Alzheimer’s, breast cancer, and sickle cell anemia. Genetic screenings inform individuals about their state of health and can help themRead MoreThe Dna Mystique Looks Into The Power Of The Gene918 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough genetic essentialism. According to Nelkin and Lindee genetic essentialism â€Å"reduces the self to a molecular entity, equating human beings, in all their social, historical, and moral complexity, with their genes† (p. 337). DNA is used as a way to define the individual’s true self and understand the evolution of a person’s identity. Nelkin and Lindee discuss the intersection of science and popular culture to shape the cultural meaning of the gene (p. 338). They lay out a timeline of genetic mappingRead MoreThe Benefits of Human Genetic Engineering Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesPre-implantation genetic diagnosis is a revolutionary procedure that utilizes in v itro fertilization to implant a healthy egg cell into the mother’s uterus after it is screened for mutations or other abnormalities. That way, only healthy eggs can develop to term and become beautiful, bouncing boys or girls. Designer babies have a bright future in the face of science because they are genetically engineered to be: disease free; viable donors for a sibling or parent; and with optional eliminationRead MoreCase Analysis: Danville Airlines1259 Words   |  5 Pagesemerging field of genetic testing, Danville did not warn Reiger of the testing taking place, did not get his permission, and didnt even have a process in place for dealing with pilots, whom the traveling public relies on for safe transport, when they are tested positive for these types of diseases (Murry, Wimbush, Dalton, 2001). Clearly Reiger would win any lawsuit, the collateral damage to Danville being the lack of oversight and gross negligence in managing health screening. Analysis of Case

The War Of The Civil War - 1958 Words

The United States has seen its fair share of wars, but the Civil War would prove to be one of the most significant wars fought on US soil. The war took place over a four year period, beginning in April of 1861 and ending in May of 1865 (Reid). The issues surrounding this war have become a political controversy over the years. Many saw the war as an end to slavery while others argue that the war was fought to determine the independence for the Confederacy or for the Union’s survival. The Confederacy, otherwise known as the South, consisted of eleven states. At the time, there were thirty-four states, both North and South, involved and of those states, seven of them were considered to be southern slave states. These states declared their secession and became what is known as the Confederate States of America. The northern states who remained loyal were considered to be the Union. The president during the time of this turmoil was Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln’s views were often supported by the Republicans in the North. The North wanted to abolish slavery and stop the South from seceding, but the South felt it was a violation of their constitutional rights. Both sides found themselves arguing their case and when a compromise was not reached, the war began. It was the Confederate forces that took aim first. They fired upon the Union at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The Confederacy’s actions would lead to a series of battles, engagements, sieges, and an abundance of blood shed alongShow MoreRelatedCivil Wars And The Civil War873 Words   |  4 Pages Therefore, the fact that ISIL has become very active in the context of civil war could be a strong indicator of its affiliation to AQ. This, as Robbins (2014) argues, is because civil wars can be said to be better and more reliable predictors of AQ affiliated groups than mere affiliation. This further means that the civil wars in Syria and Iraq could be better used to determine which groups taking part are AQ-affiliated than the mere fact that the groups have been known to be affiliated. It meansRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1522 Words   |  7 PagesCosts The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties, including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 50,000 civilians. The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and 18% in the South. Union army dead, amounting to 15% of the over two million who served, was broken down as follows: Notably, their mortality rateRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War964 Words   |  4 Pageswasn’t one sole cause of the Civil War but there were many events that took the country to war and put brother against brother and states against states. Abraham Lincoln wanted to preserve the union and that could only be attained by civil war. Slavery which was an underlying cause for the war played its role in the division that divided the North against the South. Ultimately the preservation of the union, slavery and the consequences and conflicts leading to the Civil War all rested on President Lincoln’sRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1540 Words   |  7 PagesOver the course of the Civil War, approximately three million men (and a handful of women disguised as men) served in the armed forces. By comparison, before the war, the U.S. Army consisted of only about 16,000 soldiers. The mobilization that took place over the four years of the war touched almost every extended family North and South and affected the far reaches of the country that had split in two. By war’s end, approximately 620,000 men had died, an estimate that is currently undergoing scrutinyRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War921 Words   |  4 PagesThere are no doubts that acts of war can have a negative impact on the individuals involved. There are countless stories of the soldiers’ experiences in the war, and how it affected their lives, families, and attitudes. However, there is a large demographic that is hardly accounted for: children, specifically during the Civil War era. Understanding the children that lived in the time of the Civil War is important because it affected their future careers, shaped their attitudes towards race, and affectedRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War777 Words   |  4 PagesThe widespread violence that turned into the Civil War began with the election of 1860. Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 without a single vote from the states below the Ohio River. South Carolina was the first state to respond to Lincoln’s election. On December 20, 1680, South Carolina seceded from the Union. South Carolina was the first of the â€Å"Original Seven† who seceded from the Union, including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. This became known as â€Å"secessionRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe civil war is by far the bloodiest war in American history. In the four deadly years of war, over six-hundred thousand Americans were killed. Many disputes that led to the civil war. These conflicts started under President James Buchanan who was a Democrat elected in the election of 1856. The issue of slavery, states’ rights, the abolitionist movement, the Southern secession, the raid on Harper’s Ferry, the election of Abraham Lincoln all contributed to the start of the civil war. The civil warRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1284 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 30 January 2015 The Civil War There are many facts most people generally do not know about the Civil War, so much research is needed to improve one’s knowledge about the Civil War. Authors such as: Robert G. Lambert, Rustle B. Olwell, and Kay A. Chick were all helpful in this research. Many people think that everyone on the Union side of the war believed that blacks should be equal to whites. Most people also think that everyone on the Confederate side of the war believed in slavery. SomeRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1093 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War served as yet another reminder that although the US had successfully broken off away England, a long road still remained before total domestic unity. This war was bloody and it divided the nation, towns, and even families. With both sides fighting for their personal ideologies, this was more than a mere territorial war. Many aspects of this war will forever act as a blemish on our nation s history. In this essay, we will explore one aspect; the camps that were used to contain the prisonersRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe story of this outlaw originated during the Civil War years, April 12,1861-May 9, 1865. The War were the rich sat and watched, while the poor died. A War that wanted to keep black people as slaves permanently by the South (Confederates). Newton Knight quickly grew unhappy with the situation that the people of Jones County, where he was originally from were in. He also did not approved of slavery at all. Newt was the Outlaw who freed Jones County s people, whites and blacks alike when they most

African Wild Dogs Free Essays

Lycaon pictus, the scientific name for the African Wild Dog, literally translates into â€Å"painted or ornate wolf† (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). African Wild Dogs are some of the most beautiful and social canines in the world, but, sadly, this species is endangered. This essay will focus on a basic description of the African Wild Dog, along with the threats it faces and the projected outlook for this species. We will write a custom essay sample on African Wild Dogs or any similar topic only for you Order Now (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). The African Wild Dog has a slender body with long, muscular legs (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). Typically, they will weigh between forty and eighty lbs. and can be anywhere from three and a half to five ft. long (including the length of the tail). African Wild Dogs are usually between two and two and a half ft. tall at the shoulder. The males also tend to be slightly larger than the females. Compared to wolves or coyotes, they are very lean and tall. Unlike other canines, the African Wild Dog has only four toes on its front feet, as opposed to the typical five. This is because their dew-claw is missing. Other distinctive qualities are their large, round ears. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). It is said that these ears are essential for hunting, during which a pack may use long distance vocal calls (G. Rhodes, and R. Rhodes). These ears also help with heat loss and regulation (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). However, an African Wild Dogs most distinctive quality is its coat; this species has a coat blotched in yellow, gray, black, white, and brown (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). Most of the variation in color is on the body and legs (Creel, and Creel). The coloration on the dogs faces are all very similar, with a black muzzle shading to brown on the cheeks and forehead, a black line extending up the forehead, and blackish-brown on the backs of the ears. There is never white on the head. The back part of the head and the top of the neck are consistently brown or yellow. However, colors on the body and legs are unpredictable. (Creel, and Creel). The fur on its bushy tail is almost always white (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). An African Wild Dog’s fur is slightly longer around the head and body, and shorter on the legs (â€Å"African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)†). However, wild dogs tend to have sparse hair, though there is variation among individuals (Creel, and Creel). This variation is related to age—young pups and dogs have more hair than adult dogs, and old dogs can become almost hairless. Hair is particularly lost on the head, which begins to look grey as the skin shows through. (Creel, and Creel). Underneath its fur, African Wild Dogs have blackish/grey skin (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). Every wild dog has a different patterned coat with all the individuality of a snowflake or a fingerprint. It is the coat that can allow scientists to tell each animal apart. There has also been evidence to suggest that the dogs are able to use their distinctive coats to tell each other apart; this is why dogs can easily identify other wild dogs that are not in their pack, or spate packs that might pose a threat. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). African Wild Dogs live in packs, and have a very unusual social system (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). In their packs, only the dominant male and female are allowed to reproduce, which leads to alliances among dogs of the same sex. Packs can range anywhere from two to twenty seven individuals, and new packs form when a subgroup (usually females, and sisters) separate from their pack and join with another subgroup that is composed of males. The sisters typically separate once they reach sexual maturity. African Wild Dogs usually hunt in the cool of dusk and dawn in order to avoid other predators like lions, and the pups are usually allowed to eat first after prey has been killed. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). As stated previously, only the dominant male and female are allowed to reproduce (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). However, all African Wild Dogs will reach sexual maturity in about two years, though mating does not usually occur until much later. The dominant female can give birth during any time of the year, though birthing tends to be more common between March and June. Gestation averages around ten weeks, and the litter averages around ten pups, though twenty pups have been recorded in one litter. The African Wild Dog has one of the largest litters in the canine world. Pups are born in a den (usually an abandoned aardvark hole) and will stay there with their mother for three-four weeks. While the mother and pups are refined to the den, other pack members will regurgitate food for them. Once the pups mature enough to leave the den, they become the responsibility of the whole pack, often nursing off of females that are not their mother. However, pups are weaned anywhere from one-three months after birth. It generally takes twelve-fourteen months before another litter is born. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). The African Wild Dog (which has a life expectancy of about ten years in the wild) typically lives in savannas (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). Savannas are found on either side of the equator on the edges of tropical rainforests most typically in Africa, though also occurring in select parts of South America and Australia (â€Å"Savanna†). In savannas, it is warm all year round, and there is not enough rainfall to support a forest. During its dry season, a savanna will only receive an average of four inches of rain fall. However, during the wet season, a savanna might get up to twenty five inches. In savannas, there is a lot of grassland, with scattered shrubs and isolated trees. Animal life includes many herbivores that consume grass, and also predators that control the herbivore populations. (â€Å"Savanna†). When African Wild Dogs are not breeding, they become nomadic and wander over large distances in search of prey; home ranges can be as large as 5,000 square kilometers, but are often much smaller (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). These dogs are on the third trophic level because they eat herbivores, usually impala, antelope, and sometimes prey as large as wildebeests. There have been cases where a hungry wild dog will consume seventeen to nineteen lbs. of meat, or about 1/3 of its own weight. However, African Wild Dogs will never scavenge. Therefore, the African Wild Dogs fill a carnivorous predator niche, helping to regulate and control ungulate (animals with hooves) populations. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). African Wild Dogs are considered endangered because they have disappeared from much of their range (McNutt et al. ). These dogs are virtually nonexistent in West Africa, and greatly reduced in central and north-east Africa. The largest populations remain in southern Africa, and studies suggest that between 3,000–5,500 wild African Wild Dogs remain in Africa today. These dogs are in danger for several reasons, one of which being habitat loss and fragmentation. When their habitat is broken up, it increases contact with humans which can lead to issues such as poaching (when wild dogs prey on livestock) and road kill. These dogs need a lot of space to roam in search of prey (because of other predators that fill the same niche), so even reserves aren’t always effective because humans live right on the border. While smaller fenced reserves have been able to effectively contain these animals, fencing can be expensive and allow an outbreak of disease to wipe out the entire population. This is because wild dogs live at low population densities due to predation by lions and competition with hyenas. Such low population density makes the dogs susceptible to disease, and makes the epidemic that much more deadly. (McNutt et al. ). African Wild Dogs were declared vulnerable in 1986, and became endangered in 1990 and their population is decreasing (McNutt et al. . Wild dogs are legally protected across much of their range. However, this protection is rarely enforced and wild dogs are extinct in several countries despite severe legal protection. Conservation priorities include maintenance and expansion of habitat available to wild dogs, working with local people to reduce deliberate killing of wild dogs, establishing effective techniques for protecting small wild dog populations from infections, and continuation of long-term monitoring of populations in order to identify emerging threats. Re-establishment of extinct populations through reintroduction currently has a low priority in most areas, although natural recolonizations should be encouraged. (McNutt et al. ). Due to their decreasing populations, need for expansive space, and susceptibility to disease, it appears as if the future for this amazing species is grim. Not enough is being done to preserve this animal because laws are not being enforced, and humans are crowding and destroying their habitat. If African Wild Dogs are to survive, humans need to be extremely proactive in their protection of this species. African Wild Dogs should be reintroduced into habitat where they used to survive, and laws for the protection of these dogs need to be more regulated and enforced. These animals will also need a lot more habitat than they have now, and it will probably be very difficult to find the space for reserves necessary for the survival of this species. If humans truly decide to save the African Wild Dog from extinction, it can certainly be done, but it won’t be easy. How to cite African Wild Dogs, Papers

My unforgettable experience free essay sample

My Unforgettable Experience Heart beating in my chest so fast it was as if my heart was going to Jump out and make a run for it. Nerves, nerves had me trembling, sweating, and scared out of my mind. All because of the two words I heard my music teacher say Czarina Booker. Sitting in my chair thinking how am I going to do this or if I can even do this, but I did it and it turned out way better than expected. This was one of the unforgettable and heart-racing experience was my audition. Practicing day and night, hoping to be better than yesterday. Then that day came, the day to prove myself I can do way better than what I always thought.A day I dreamt about whether it ended up good or ended up bad. Slowly but anxiously walking through the orchestra doors, I see everybody as anxious and nervous as I was. We will write a custom essay sample on My unforgettable experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Grabbing my instrument then tuning it, I see my orchestra teacher walking to the post. When she finally got up to the post she addressed us on how she was going to do these auditions. First up were violins, secondly violas, thirdly cellos, and lastly were the basses. As each person was walking In and out of the doors of the audition room, my heart began to race so fast. All I was thinking In my head was How am I going to do this? What if Im not good enough?What if I dont get in? What if I mess up? All these questions were popping in my head all at once. But then I had to believe In myself and prove myself that I can do better than what I thought or what other people thought as well. So I went back to practicing and the violins and the violas were done. Now it was time for the cellos. As the first two cellists were done with the audition, the orchestra teacher called my name. I went In, sat down, Introduced myself, and started playing the music. In the beginning of song I was nervous, but as I was playing I started to break out and started playing loud and musically.When I ended off with a great ending, I looked up and she smiled and said good Job. Pacing out the door I took a good and long deep breathe and sat down In my chair and saying thank God that was over. Finally, the next day came and we all sat down walling for the results. My personal goal was to be In the top orchestra which was symphony. Ms. Murphy started calling peoples names and telling them what orchestra they were In. Then It came time she called my name and I took deep breathe In a she said the one and only word wanted to hear, symphony. I looked up so fast and gave her a wide and ambitious smile, and I laid back In my seat.This Is an experience I would never forget and I learned a lot from. I learned that you cannot earn what you didnt work for. I also learned that no matter what people tell you or you tell yourself, you can always do better than what you expect you Just have to push yourself. My unforgettable experience By mimicry As each person was walking in and out of the doors of the audition room, my heart began to race so fast. All I was thinking in my head was How am I going to do this? Questions were popping in my head all at once. But then I had to believe in myself my name. I went in, sat down, introduced myself, and started playing the music.In darted playing loud and musically. When I ended off with a great ending, I looked up breathe and sat down in my chair and saying thank God that was over. Finally, the next day came and we all sat down waiting for the results. My personal goal was to be in the top orchestra which was symphony. Ms. Murphy started calling peoples names and telling them what orchestra they were in. Then it came time she called my name and I took deep breathe in a she said the one and only word I wanted to hear, symphony. I looked up so fast and gave her a wide and ambitious smile, and I laid back in my seat.

Structural Theories and Street Gangs free essay sample

For example, Lil’Z knows that he does not have the ability to live a life as the people outside the slum are living; he is aware that he does not have the ability to achieve, principally, the monetary success and standard of society maybe because of his lack of education and the violent environment in which he lives in. Thus, he decides to accompany the Tender Trio and rub the motel with them in order to achieve the monetary success he wants, and eventually commit many crimes in order to get money. In City of Gangs, it is explained that one of the problem in Regina is that aboriginal could have a job if they wanted, but many of these people don’t have the ability to achieve this goal since they don’t have a resume or they don’t know how to fill an application form (City of Gangs, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Theories and Street Gangs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, the young people on reserves are experiencing this inability to achieve norms and standards of the dominant society, and are joining gangs in order to achieve their goal, through illegitimate ways such as selling drugs or stealing. Differential Association theory is a theory that looks at the acts of the criminal as learned behaviors through social interaction (Adler, Mueller,Laufer amp; Grekul, 2009, p. 132). Gang members are setting criminal norms and values to its members, thus members are learning a criminal behavior, such as stealing, carrying a gun or using drugs. The members of street gangs are learning more definitions of actions favorable to violation of the law and this learning is passed down from generation to generation (Adler, Mueller,Laufer amp; Grekul, 2009, p. 32). The documentary City of Gangs clearly shows that the learning pattern of gangsters comes from learned behaviors through social interaction, and that is transmitted from the older to the younger since what they learned are the criminal attitudes and values of the gang. Sutherland’s theory of differential association is explained through nine propositions. The third proposition, which explains that the principal part of the lear ning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. , is clearly discussed in the documentary City of Gangs (Adler, Mueller,Laufer amp; Grekul, 2009, p. 132). In fact, as mentioned in the clip, every day more kids are getting in gang since they are hanging out with gang families made out of drug dealers, pimps and fogs (City of Gangs, 2009). The fifth proposition is also shown in the movie. If a young is surrounded by people viewing breaking certain laws as acceptable or normal behavior, then he might be more likely to break those laws. As mentioned, there is a gang problem in Regina; the police reported many as 600 gangs in cities, constituted in majority of aboriginal people (City of Gangs, 2009). The problem is that there is a gang mentality that is embedded in the hearts and minds of aboriginal people (City of Gangs, 2009). The solution is to change that mentality to really educate their young people at young age (City of Gangs, 2009). The young aboriginal people are surrounded by people who are breaking certain laws, thus for them it becomes a normal behavior. One last proposition that is clearly demonstrated in the clip is the eighth one. In fact, violence is common in this part of town and it is a dangerous place to walk at night (City of Gangs, 2009). These kids and young people are dealing with these criminal situations every day, thus they are learning out of it, like learning anything else. All of the various processes by which humans learn can potentially be relevant. Economic and Community Structure We can use the social disorganization theory to address the idea that crime and criminal networks thrive in social disorganized neighborhoods. This theory explain that an area in which there is a disintegration of conventional values caused by urbanization, rapid industrialization and an increase in immigration may causes the development of high crime (Adler, Mueller,Laufer amp; Grekul, 2009, p. 160). Cultural deviance theory also combines certain parts of this theory since it explains how the different set of values of disadvantaged or disorganized neighborhoods contributes to criminal behavior (Adler, Mueller,Laufer amp; Grekul, 2009, p. 130). These theories can be explained with the movie City of God, since it addresses the idea of the context in which crime and criminal networks flourish. City of God is a slum in Rio de Janeiro, a lower class area, marked by poverty with low income group. It is evident that there is a weak community institution in the slum, which is lacking of agents of social control such as the police or even strong familial or friends relationships. It is mainly the people who live in the City of God that maintain order. Community Action Program There are many program aimed at curbing early involvement in criminal activity. The community, not individuals, needs treatment. Helping the community, then, should lower its crime rate (Adler, Mueller,Laufer amp; Grekul, 2009, p. 164). Sun Youth is an organization providing community support in the area of Montreal. They established a crime prevention program aimed at educating public and establishing a better cooperation among citizens. Among their programs, there is the Intervention Agents in School Environments, targeting mainly young students. Sun Youth agents are working full time in certain schools in order to prevent bullying and taxing and to resolve conflicts between students, which is related to Coordination and Community Cohesion, a major components of another prevention program in Vancouver Downtown (Adler, Mueller,Laufer amp; Grekul, 2009, p. 165). They are preventing such problems through group workshops on leadership, peer meditation, conflict resolution, socialization, or notions of racism, friendship, etc. through individual interventions, as well as by promoting the team work through recreational activities in group (Sun Youth, 2011). Being Critical of the Structural Theories of Deviance Previous studies exploring why a person joins a gang mainly focused on the theory of anomie, the social disorganization and strain theory as well as the criminal subculture (Sanchez-Jankowski, 1991, p. 295). However, Martin Sanchez-Jankowski (1991) is basing his ideas on the fact that many youth see joining a gang as a ration al decision to maximize self-interest. He argues that gangs provide individuals with a source of money, protection, entertainment, protective group identity, personal protection, and because some individuals see participation as a form of commitment to their community and as a way to resist living lives like their parents. He also explains and that becoming a gang member depends not only on the individual, but also on the gang, who decide who will join the gang or not. He explains that there are three types of recruitment. The first one is the fraternity type, in which members try to ‘sell’ their gangs by mentioning the advantages it has such as the parties it gives, the women who are available and the type of drugs they have. The second type is the obligation type, in which members are contacting people and persuading them that it is their duty to join the gang. Finally, the last type of recruitment is the coercive type, which occurs when the gang feels they need to expand their membership quickly.

Oedipus Rex Essays - Operas, Oedipus The King, Oedipus, Creon

Oedipus Rex Essays - Operas, Oedipus The King, Oedipus, Creon Oedipus Rex The play Oedipus Rex may show mankinds search for a better society. The Greeks in the 5th century B.C. tried to make the most out of life. They wanted to know, what was the best way to live in that society at the time? The Greeks then began to study mankind. They began to determine between the rights and wrongs of the society. He who violated the social norms suffered throughout their life. For example, Oedipus Rex showed mainly three types of unmoral acts that deified the social norms of society. The main three were his Intellectual Pride, Three types of Hubris, and his anger and rash judgment towards Creon. Prior to the birth of Oedipus Rex, a prophecy was spoken over Laius and his wife, Jocasta. They were told that their son would one day be his fathers killer and would then marry his mother. In fear, kind Lauis and queen Jocasta sent the baby off with a slave to be killed. He was never killed, but rather was given to a childless king and queen, which lovingly raised him. Later in his life, several unknown men traveling confronted him. Upon confrontation, Oedipus Rex killed all but one of the men in self-defense. Unknowingly, Oedipus had begun to fulfill the prophecy for one of the men had been his father, Laius. While traveling, Oedipus had come to the city of Thebes. There he saved the city from the wrath of the sphinx by solving her riddle. He was a savior to the city, and was made king and married Jocasta (his mother). They ruled together and conceived four children. Although the truth had been spoken to Oedipus about these matters previously, he had chosen not to believe them. Oedipuss Intellectual Pride begins to unravel. He is looking for the murderer of the king (his father). He thinks 5 or 6 men killed the king because of money (bribery). No, Oedipus is wrong. He makes a lot of mistakes and he thinks he knows the answers to this situation. He is very self-confident and takes responsibility, as a king should. Oedipus acts too quickly and jumps to conclusions, while trying to figure out who committed this unmoral act that broke the social norm of their society. He asks Teiresias, but he refuses tell Oedipus that it was he who killed the king. But remember, Oedipus has already heard a prophecy about himself. His pride makes it difficult for him to listen to other peoples advice and facts. He was so sure that he knew who the murderer was, but he was too ignorant. The answer was given to him but refused to believe it. Hubris begins to play a role in Oedipus character. Mainly there are three areas of Hubris he uncovered. The term Hubris means a behavior without proper limits; arrogance; insolence; defiance to the laws of the gods or moral laws. First, Oedipus has committed a murder and engaged in incest. He has mocked the gods. Oedipus solved the riddle of the sphinx and claimed he did everything on his own. In a sense, he looked down on the gods. The Greeks believed that there were powers higher than themselves. Man was great but not as great and powerful as the gods. Oedipus showed the opposite. Secondly, he shows the opposite by insulting the gods. He stated that he didnt need them in his life. Here he commits blasphemy, which is a term meaning, the act of speaking out against a sacred person. Lastly, his anger shows another hubris. He speaks out against Teiresias, stating that he was a wicked old man. In response, Oedipus showed no respect for Teiresias. For this, he will endure great Nemesis f or his hubriss. Nemesis is a term, which means great punishment for going against a god. His failure to listen to the gods warnings resulted by making his life a living nightmare. He had committed the unmentionable and hed rather not exist at this point. Oedipus, ruler of Thebes, murdered his own father and married his mother. Such acts are almost always deemed unnatural and criminal; they are not tolerated within a traditional society. A person who has committed these illegal acts of murder

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Project Management - Assignment Example product developed through the project will provide the necessary support in line with the quality standards set within the jurisdiction that the company operates. The compatibility of the system to Microsoft and Apple provides a platform of operations for the product that embraces technologies by Microsoft and Apple to result into a positive product for the market. These provide the background to project management. All these levels require commitment of resources, which need management and control hence the need for project management. Project management bases on various backgrounds based on the needs of the project developers and company that the project is to serve. Project management relies on three basic principles also considered objectives. These include the objectives of the project, the constraints and the lifecycle under which the project is operational. These guide project managers in planning, scheduling, control and execution of the project. The use of two major techniques hat is the project evaluation technique applicable in review too and the critical path method all depending on the aspects of objectivity, constraint sand lifecycle. As HP aims at delving into the project, the need to consider the objectives of the project, the constraints to expect and the project lifecycle proves vital. A clear definition of project objectives and goals at the beginning of the project provides the project managers with the necessary direction through which the project proceeds. The objectives of the HP project are to develop a tablet whose programs prove compatible with Microsoft and Apple systems to serve elementary school students in various purposes. The objectives draw the line and set the pace under which the project operates. The success of the project depends on the understanding of the project objectives by all members handing the project to ease understanding and execution. Each person needs to understand his or her role in the project development

The Wedding Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Wedding Story - Essay Example Significance of the use of Simile in Literature IV. Conclusion V. References The Use of Simile in Julianne Homokay’s The Wedding Story A literary device is a technique that the writer uses for a given literary purpose (Niazi & Gautam, 2010). Literary devices can be any form of method or procedure that the writer/artist uses to express ideas through language, and produce a desired effect on the reader/audience. Examples of common literary devices used are Allegory, Analogy, Climax, Foreshadowing, Hyperbole, Metaphor, and Simile. As in any piece of good literature, Julianne Homokay’s The Wedding Story is also filled with literary devices that make the drama come to life. Homokay used a number of different literary devices to make the drama a comedic take on criticizing the conventional pictures that men and women are pictured as, especially in the confines of marriage. Thus, The Wedding Story may be considered as a farce, because it is a comedy in which the plot took an u nfortunate, almost exaggerated twist. One particular literary device used repeatedly in the drama is Simile. Simile is a literary device known as a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two dissimilar objects using as, like, or as though (Bertens, 2008). Since similes are essentially a group of descriptive words, they are able to paint a clearer picture in our minds as opposed to when they are left out in a text. Since the actual object used in the text may be an abstract one, using simile to liken it to a more concrete and visually engaging object gives the reader a chance to create a more vivid picture of the scenario in his or her mind. Simile, as a figure of speech, is very similar to metaphor, except that comparisons are made without the use of as, like, or as though. In The Wedding Story, simile was used in the dialogue to emphasize particular points. The narrator, who may be considered as the protagonist in the story, reads from his book and talks of a â€Å"wom an, pretty as a day in June.† This comparison paints the woman in the minds of the reader as someone who is young, fresh, and vibrant, comparable to the vibrance of June’s summer. Of course, the bride and groom (who may be labeled as the antagonists of the drama), clarifies that the bride bears no resemblance to a pretty day in June because she was a middle aged woman who had to get married for convenience. The bride C. How did the use of Simile as a literary device contribute to the drama VI. Significance of the use of Simile in Literature VII. Conclusion VIII. References A prominent literary device used in the drama was

Exchange as a Basis of Social Life

Exchange as a Basis of Social Life Why, and how, have anthropologists argued that exchange is the basis of social life? Exchange is an act of giving something to somebody or doing something for somebody and receiving something in return.[1] According to the Encyclopaedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, exchange is the transfer of things between social and actors.[2] Things can be human or animal, material or immaterial, words or things. The actors can be individuals, groups, or being such as gods and spirits.[3] In wide interpretation, trade and barter are examples of some kinds of exchange. In this essay, I assume that the gift-exchange is the basis of social life. From the 18th and 19th century, anthropologists became more interested in the topic of exchange. In the past century, there is a growing concern on the complex societies, i.e. the West. It leads to a more critical investigation for the anthropologists on exchange in West, when anthropologists such as Gregory discovered that exchange is linked to economy. By now, exchange is a universal activity. Moreover, anthropologists realized exchange is central to all peoples lives. Mauss stated that, exchange is a total social phenomenon.[4] In the following, I will discuss why anthropologists argued that exchange is the basis of social life. Exchange and Reciprocity The ideological pure gift is very rare in primitive societies. In most of the time, it is a moral to return the gift to the giver. Parry (1986) take the point that the gift is always am Indian gift, which means an equivalent term in return is required.[5] Parry took this point from his investigation on the gift contains some part of the spiritual essence of the donor. And this constrains the recipient to make a return.[6] Thus, we can see that the exchange is related to reciprocity. According to Mauss, gift are the primitive analogue if the social contract, then they clearly carry a social load which in centralized politics is assumed by the state.[7] This is the reason why anthropologists argue exchange is the basis of social life. Let us take the classic example of gift-exchange: the Maori hau. Logically, the hau explains why gifts are repaid. Mauss traces different forms of exchange in order to make out the relation between exchange and reciprocity with the social life. In this essay I will trace different form if In this essay, I will discuss about different types of gift-exchange in different types of society, ranging from tribal societies, i.e. the Trobrainders and Kabre, to the modern daily lives exchange, i.e. Christmas gift exchange and garage sale exchange. These rituals shows how anthropologist argue the statement with the observation or fieldwork The Trobrianders Kula During Malinowskis fieldwork in Trobriand, he clearly examined the essentials of the Kula for Trobrianders and other Melanesia islands in Papua New Guinea. The Kula is a form of intertribal exchange between the Melanesia Islands. It is different from the Oceanic form of exchange. The Kula is based primarily upon the circulation of two articles of high values, but of no real use. The gifts are carried in a circular route which covers miles away over many communities inhabiting a wide ring of islands. All the main transaction in the Kula is public and ceremonial, and it is carried out according to its definite rules. One of the major characteristics of the Kula exchange is that the two items are travelling in different directions: the necklaces (soulava) travel in the direction of clock hand; while the armshells (mwali) in opposite direction. According to Malinowski (1920), both articles never stop for any length of time in the hands of any owner; they constantly move, constantly meeti ng and being exchanged.[8] Kula is essential for the Melanesian because of its sociological function. Sociologically, Kula creates partnership for a lifelong relationship. It is based on a fixed and permanent partnership and relationship which binds people from different tribes into couple some thousands of individuals. As Malinowski observed, the partnership implies various mutual duties and privileges, and constitutes a type of inter-tribal relationship on an enormous scale.[9] Malinowski stated that two Kula partners have to Kula with one another and exchange other incidentally; they behave as friends, and have a number of mutual duties and obligations, which vary with the distance between their villages and with their reciprocal status.[10] He also mentioned that the Kula partnership is one of the special bonds which unite two men into one o the standing relations of mutual exchange of gifts and services so characteristics of these natives.[11] There is a network of relationships in the Kula ring which men know and exchange with each other. In some situation, they will meet in the inter-tribal meetings. Thus, Malinowski pointed out that men are bound together by one common passion for Kula exchange and also, many minor ties and interests. What keeps the relationship long-lasting is the reciprocity of gifts to the giver in the Kula ring. It is expected that the receiver will give back a fair and full value of gift to the giver. Similarly, a fine article must be replaced by the one with equivalent value, not by several minor ones. Gift economy in Kabre In Exchange (1999), Piot explore the understandings about persons, hierarchy and agency that operate in the exchange context in the Kabre society. Same as the Trobrianders, people in Kabre are expected receiver will have to return the gift to the giver. In society, especially in Piots situation he could not understand French when he first came to Kabre gift-giving is a kind of surrogate language. From his experience, Piot suggested that the gifts were attempts to communicate, to bridge the gap between us, to express relationship.[12] He realized that the gift-giving is a type of moral inquiry, which is an interrogation of the other.[13] Despite, there are various forms for exchange in the Kabre society, all forms of exchange are motivated by the practical need of one of the parties.[14] There is a desure to establish social relations behind the Kabre exchange. They are likely to begin ?kp?nt?r? with another person through exchange. Thus, all the exchange in Kabre society is to do with relationships as with utilities. Moreover, through further exchange of items with greater value or quantity, the relationship grows. It is a great sign of friendship. Sometimes, when the relationship of two families grows bigger, there will be an arrangement of marriage so that the relationship will not be broken. If this works, then there will be another marriage in the next generation and so on. As a result, the relationship between the two families will last forever. Economically, Piot argued that the Kabre gift exchange system generates the increased involvement in the wage and commodity sector. He pointed out that by allowing labours to participate more fully in the gift-giving by making money, social relations will then be expanded.[15] Piot take the point that persons use things to gain access to persons rather than that they use persons to gain access to thing.[16] Piot also claims that any gift given establishes a relationship between two persons, hence giving is always tied up with control, power and the appropriation of an other.[17] In the Kabre, exchange does not only form friendships. In the meantime, it forms another basis of social life the formation of marriage, kinship groups and affinity. Gifts Exchange in Christmas Now, let us look at how modern anthropologists argued the statement through their observation of peoples behaviour in the West, capitalist societies. The exchange of gifts is very popular in many parts of the world. In the following, I take in the account that exchange takes place with a generalized medium of exchange, i.e. money. Thus, in order to facilitate trade, barter give way away to selling (C-M), and then the money is then used to buy other commodities (M-C).[18] Carrier examined peoples mindset on exchanging Christmas gifts and he found that it does related to their social relations. The heightening sociality of Christmas highlights the importance of exchanging of gifts, and it reflected peoples Christmas shopping behaviour to the basis of social life. According to Caplow, parents and young children exchange gifts in an unequal value and quantity. In most of the time, the gifts from the parents to their young children have more in quantity and also in value. There is no expe ctation of equivalent return in this relationship. Whereas, for gift exchange between the spouses, there will be an active concern on the gifts are approximate equal in value.[19] Carrier (1993:58) suggested that it is more likely for people to show their affection to their family within a close kin by exchanging Christmas present. As the relationship become more distant, people are less likely to show their affectionate. Rather, it would be a more alienated giving and marks the relations which will be fairly impersonal utilitarian.[20] As mentioned above, apart from exchanging Christmas gifts in Christmas Eves feast, shopping for Christmas gifts is also a highlight for the exchange and it also maintain the basis of social life. Carrier (1993:63) takes the point that the range of social relations will be greater than normal when purchasing for the items. He suggested that this would be an annual ritual to convert commodities into gifts. This ritual allows us to celebrate and recreate personal relations with the anonymous objects available to us.[21] Moreover, Boxing Day allows merchants to celebrate the hierarchical relations outside their households. Seemingly, Christmas is just exchanging Christmas gifts between family and friends. In reality, through exchanging Christmas gifts, it celebrates relations with family, and also those who are distinct from relation in the outside world. Carrier (1993:69) take the point that Christmas is also a reunion of families sanctified and chastened by tender memories and associat ions; and let the social intercourse of friends, with pleasant reminiscence, renew the ties if affection and strengthen the bonds of kindly feeling.[22] Garage sales is American society Some anthropologists look at peoples daily life activities in the West to argue that exchange is the basis of social life. Similar to Christmas gifts exchange, most of the commodity exchange in the West belongs to the category sell-in-order-to-buy in peasant markets which money act as the generalize medium of exchange, i.e. C-M-C. Herrmann looked at the US garage sale exchange culture in order to investigate the social relationship built between the buyer and seller. Herrmann (1997:915) suggested that garage sale exchange allows the neighbours in the neighbourhood come to know each other, as the neighbors are attracted by informal open invitation to the public to stop by and look over the garage sale goods.[23] Moreover, Herrmann (1997:915) also take the point that some neighbourhood garage sale takes place in order to attract the neighbor out of their houses for social interaction. Furthermore, exchange in garage gift generates gift relations. According to Stone Age Economics by Sha lins (1974: 193-194; Gregory (1992:926)), exchange between family members or close kins usually belongs to generalized reciprocity. Thus, in garage sale exchange, the items are given to generalize others. By giving inexpensive garage as a gift, personal networks will then be solidified. In this case, social relations value more than profits. Aside from bringing social interaction and relationships, garage sale ethos also includes friendliness and social egalitarian. Garage sale provides the participants the sense of justice. Low price is the hallmark of garage sales exchange. Thus, a just price for an object is constructed through exchange.[24] Besides, Herrmann (1997:915) bring up the point that social inequalities are reproduced in the garage sales exchange, but it this social inequalities will be muted by the face-to-face egalitarian. This is because social markers such as gender, status, races could act as the factor affecting the transaction of garage sale exchange.[25] Thus, we can see that exchange shows the social basis of the society. Bibliography Carrier, James (1993): The Rituals of Christmas Giving, in Unwrapping Christmas by Miller, D. (ed), Oxford, United kingdom: Clarendon Press, pp.55-74 Carrier, James (1996): Exchange, in Encyclopaedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology by Barnard, Alan and Spencer, Jonathan (1996), USA and Canada: Routledge, pp. 218-221 Drucker, Philip: The Potlatch, in Tribal and Peasant Economies by Dalton, George (1967), Austin, USA: University of Texas Press, pp.481-493 Gregory, C.A.: Exchange and Reciprocity, in Comparison Encyclopaedia to Anthropology by Ingold, Tim (1994), London, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 911-939 Herrman, Gretchen M. (1997): Gift or Commodity: What Changes Hands in the U.S. Garage Sale?, American Ethnologist Vol. 24. No. 4 (Nov., 1997), Blackwell Publishing, pp.910-930 Hornby, A S (2000): Exchange, in Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary of Current English, New York, USA: Oxford University Press, pp. 433 Malinowski, Brownislaw (1920): Kula: The Circulating Exchange of Valuables in the Archipelagos of Eastern New Guinea, in Tribal and Peasant Economics by Dalton George (1967), Austin, USA: University of Texas Press, pp. 171-184 Malinowski, Brownislaw (1920): Tribal Economics in the Trobriands, in Tribal and Peasant Economies by Dalton George (1967), Austin, USA: University of Texas Press, pp.185-223 Malinowski, Brownislaw (1922): The essentials of the Kula, in Argonauts of the Western Pacific, London, United Kingfom: Routledge, pp. 81-104 Mauss, Marcel (1970) [1954]: The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies, London, United Kingdom: Cohen West Parry, Jonathan (1986): The Gift. The Indian Gift and the Indian Gift', in Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 21. No. 3 (Sept., 1986), pp. 453-473 Piot, Charles (1999): Exchange, in Remotely global: village modernity in West Africa, Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press, pp. 52-75 Shalins, Marshall (1974): The Spirit of the Gift, in Stone Age Economics, Chicago, USA: Aldine-Atherton, pp.149-183 Shalins, Marshall (1974): On the Sociology of Primitive Exchange, in Stone Age Economics, Chicago, USA: Aldine-Atherton, pp. 185-275 Weiner, Annette B. (1988): Introduction, in The Trobrainders of Papua New Guinea, New York, USA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publication, pp. 1-15 Weiner, Annette B. (1988): The Trobrainders: Past and Present, in The Trobrainders of Papua New Guinea, New York, USA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publication, pp. 17-31 Weiner, Annette B. (1988): Marriage and the Politics of Yams, in The Trobrainders of Papua New Guinea, New York, USA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publication, pp. 81-96 Weiner, Annette B. (1988): Men Working for Women, in The Trobrainders of Papua New Guinea, New York, USA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publication, pp. 111-123 Weiner, Annette B. (1988): Kula and the Search for Fame, in The Trobrainders of Papua New Guinea, New York, USA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publication, pp. 139-157 Hornby (2000:433) Carrier (1996:218) Carrier (1996:218) Gregory (1994:911) Parry (1986:454) Parry (1986:456) Parry (1986:467) Malinowski (1920) Malinowski (1922:85) Malinowski (1922:91) Malinowski (1922:91) Piot (1999:54) Piot (1999:54) Piot (1999:56) Piot (1999:73) Piot (1999:62) Piot (1999:70) Gregory (1992:912) It is one of the categories of production-of-exchange, i.e. commodity exchange Karl Marx developed. This type of commodity of exchange is identified as selling-in-order-to-buy in the peasant markets. Carrier (1993:55) Carrier(1993:58) Carrier (1993:63) Carrier (1993:96) Herrmann (1997:915) Herrmann (1997:916) Herrmann (1997:915)

Rural American Family Farms :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oxfam America is a supporter of small family farm based business, according to Laura Rusu the US government spends up to 16 billion dollars a year on farm payments. Most of those funds from the US government go towards large commercial farms. Oxfam America is supporting the act called the Rural America Preservation Act, which will help smaller based farms with funding. Since there are so many loopholes in the current government system that are only helping the larger commercial based farms, this Act will help prevent these loopholes and help the smaller farms with more funding. There are many misleading ideas about the small scale farms, some of which are that small scale farms cannot support a family, that they need to grow into large scale farms to make money, and that small scale farming is usually just a hobby or for extra income. After researching the agribusiness, most of these accusations and most because small scale farms could be more successful if they w ere provided the support from state and federal governments like they should be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the statement of Barbara Fiorito (2005), the US government spends up to 16 billion dollars each year on farm payments, and 70 percent of the money goes to the farms that are already receiving government funding either through different federal grants or state funding. The article discuses how the large commercial farms also hurt smaller farms abroad. Since a large farm can mass produce a product they can sell their product at a much lower price because of the supply they have, verses the smaller farm that can not produce as much so it must then have higher prices. Even though this example that Oxfam give us is using farms from abroad it is the same kind of situations small American agribusinesses are facing. Andrea Perera of Oxfam said that the Rural America Preservation Act if passed will limit the subsidy payments to industrial farms and corporations and will help family farmers make a living. If passed, this Act will now have a cap on payments the farms will receive; the payments will be lowered by 30 percent from $360,000 to $250,000 said Perera in her article and most loopholes in the current government allow the largest farms to collect enormous subsidies, which can exceed $1 million will also be taken care of too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In doing research it seems that most â€Å"common† people or people that grew up in larger cities have been mislead to what a small farm is.

A Christian View of Beauty Essay

Beauty, a term once revered in ancient days as the pinnacle of physical attributes embodied in worldly entities, has seemingly in this day lost much of its meaning. Phrases like â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder† have surprisingly become commonplace, and even Christians have begun to subscribe to the notion of aesthetic relativism. Specifically, this is the idea that beauty is purely contained within the observer and objects on their own have no aesthetic value in and of themselves. It is what has effectively stripped the main essence from the old ideal of beauty, and in my opinion a primary reason why there are so many who cannot see or refuse to see God in the world today. â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder†, the oft-heard phrase today, refers to one’s belief in the subjectivity of beauty—that is, aesthetic relativism. This prevailing belief dictates that my own perception of what is beautiful does not necessarily correlate to others’ perception of what they find beautiful. Simply because I find a song inspiring and relaxing does not necessarily mean that everyone will and it’s even pretentious and rude of me to insist so. And since everyone has their own particular tastes in all types of art, it is inferred that those tastes correlate to true beauty in their own eyes. But, this whole concept of beauty in each man’s own perception is severely lacking: it gives our own God far too little credit for the creation itself. In my opinion, a greatly preferable view for one who professes to believe in a divine creator is the belief in the objectivity of beauty. Perhaps the ancient Greeks were on to something after all when artists such as Polykleitos sought the perfect proportions of beauty. Such a pursuit required one to see beauty as objective: something contained within the object itself. Especially farseeing was Plato’s belief in the â€Å"idea† realm, in which perfect prototypes of every living and nonliving thing existed. It was a transcendent realm which we could never quite reach in terms of achieving this perfect â€Å"idea form†. Such a theory, old as it is, is not very far from the truth in my opinion. The real truth of beauty lies in none other than our own God. Nevertheless, I think it is necessary to divide beauty into two types to see how God influences it. There is a physical beauty in each living and nonliving thing; something which can be perceived by the eye. Such beauty, I think, aligns with Plato’s â€Å"idea form† concept—that is, we perceive things as the most beautiful when they are closest to that ideal shape from which they were wrought. Among my beliefs is that God really does have ideal forms in His own mind, from which spring forth every single precious creation. God’s creations are often universally seen as beautiful to us—forests, rivers, grasslands, domestic animals and wild animals alike are loved by us and sometimes even worshipped for their beauty. Their forms tend to be very similar among their own kind, and many different organizations strive to find the perfect proportions, coloring, and other attributes of them. A well-known example is the American Kennel Club, which appoints judges in dog shows who determine the ideal proportions of many breeds of dogs. In such competitions, we are striving to find the ideal, most beautiful form of dogs, which strongly hints at a belief in an archetypal â€Å"idea form†. Perhaps the human form itself could even have its archetypal roots in Adam and Eve; but regardless, humans who most closely fit this prototypical form are perceived as most beautiful by others. Ugliness is the disfiguration or mutilation of this form, such as severed parts or scars or even obesity. Even so, there is always some degree of the supreme beauty in each and every creation, for God’s own light can shine through even the darkest of places. Indeed, God’s original beauty shining through us and our own creations is the main source of aesthetic pleasure in this world. God revealed this to us in Ezekiel 16:14, when He declared â€Å"And your fame spread among the nations on account of your beauty, because the splendor I had given you made your beauty perfect†. This constitutes a second kind of beauty, a nonphysical and more conceptual beauty. Such beauty is what normally would be seen in man’s creations and his very personality. It can be witnessed in personalities such as a warm and inviting host, a charitable man who goes out of his way to help others, or something as simple as one who laughs often. And, of course, a massive demonstrator of this kind of beauty is creations of man’s own design such as music, paintings, and sculptures which frequently grab hold of our emotions. The reason these things are so beautiful is simple: God’s immense love when He created us and our intellects is still shown brilliantly in things which we produce. These do not necessarily have to be direct reflections of God’s own exquisite creations (as in the Realist style of art); His magnificence can be shown in abstract art as well. A good example is the Asian kanji form of writing, which for centuries has been considered highly artistic and stylized. The Japanese kanji ai, or â€Å"love† (Appendix A) has a very smooth and majestic feel, and is capable of triggering human emotions of wonder and calmness on its own. It is a mere thirteen strokes of a brush, yet because of God’s own love and inventiveness shining through the artist onto the paper, we can consider it beautiful. Truly, God’s creativeness can be seen in every single thing which man has created, and therefore we can see some degree of beauty in everything. Looking at the world in this objective way is doubtlessly far greater than the popular aesthetic relativist stance in contemporary culture. It introduces a sense of wonder in the individual in everything he perceives, because he has the knowledge that it was specifically created by the supreme God and personally beheld in all its glory as â€Å"very good† (Genesis 1:31). Hiking through mountainous forests can fill a man with such a sense of sheer majesty that it can be a religious experience, and I have personally witnessed even unbelievers profess to see a glimpse of God in such prime examples of His glorious creation. Even more typical occurrences such as a snowy night under a star-speckled sky or waking up to a dazzling sunrise peeking through lush treetops can in a person bring forth extreme awe if that person accepts aesthetic objectivity through God. Maybe the subjectivity of beauty is not as enlightened as it appears to countless millions in our culture. The beauty in that captivating mountainous forest or star-speckled sky becomes fully dependent on the individual. It’s reduced to a matter of taste, and if a person finds such things wondrous, that in itself does not make them truly and rapturously divine as it does in one who believes that God Himself has blessed such occurrences. Beautiful entities are simply something which an individual deems â€Å"nice† or â€Å"quaint† to which someone else might readily disagree, in contrast to a glimpse of the utter splendor of God. Some things are beautiful, some are ugly, and it all depends on preference; whereas objectivity of beauty proclaims that beauty is to be found everywhere in varying degrees. Aesthetic relativism ultimately leads to a sense of incuriosity towards much of the world and blocking out what does not â€Å"suit your taste†, a sort of omnipresent mild malaise of the subconscious. It would be wiser to consider that â€Å"the splendor I had given you made your beauty perfect† (Ezekiel 16:14), and approach the magnificent world with an ever-growing curiousness and a watchful eye for the inherent beauty present in each and every creation.

Comparing the Ways in Which a Tabloid Newspaper and a...

Comparing the Ways in Which a Tabloid Newspaper and a Broadsheet Newspaper Treat the Same News Story The death of John Thaw was announced in national newspapers on the Friday 22nd of February 2002. In my essay I am going to compare the story of John Thaws death from two newspapers. These newspapers are the Mirror, which is a tabloid and the Times which is a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers include the Sun, Star, and Mirror. Broadsheet newspapers include the Gaurdian, Times, and the Daily Telegraph. The differences between a broadsheet and a tabloid are the size, a tabloid newspaper is half the size of a broadsheet. You need a lower reading age to read a tabloid because there are shorter articles,†¦show more content†¦However the broadsheet also covers minority sports, like polo and archery. In the times newspapers the article about John Thaws death is at the bottom of the page. Its not very noticible, its not the lead story, the lead story is about politics. Also the article doesnt contain any pictures. It consists of six, two inch columns. In the Mirror the article is the lead story. They dedicate almost half the front page to John Thaw plus the whole of page seven, also there are seven photos of John Thaw throughout his life. The headline in the Times is small and doesnt stand out, it gives the main details and its factual, the headline is also present tense John Thaw dies, this is present tense so that readers think they are getting the latest news. The headline in the Mirror is huge, black and bold, its also short and stark, and not a complete sentence. The headline is emotive Morse star John dead, this stirs the emotions of the readers. The headline contains all one syllable words and it is also in the present tense. In the opening paragraph of a newspaper article the journalist usually uses the four ws which are who, what, where, and when. This is the key information of the article, readers usually make the decision whether to read ahead if they want more detail, based on the photographs, headlines, and the first