Scheduling, Resources, and Budgeting

The aspect of addressing multiproject is indeed complicated due to the numerous tasks and concerns that are associated in the general assignment. Among these complex tasks and concerns are the resources and materials needs, the time available for the multiproject, the jobs necessary for the completion of the project, and the processes involved in each respective task involved. For the effective management of these critical procedures and concerns, it is important to have a systematic plan, which involves a schedule and a reliable budget. The development of schedule organizes the time involved and the complex procedures of the project while the budgeting concern addresses the critical resources important for the project completion. Indeed, through having a project plan, the complex nature of multiproject can be properly addressed thus, achieving the desired result for the project. For the concern of the management of the resources in the project plan, budgeting and scheduling this element is necessary for the continuous operation towards the completion of the project tasks. In this aspect, the organizer must familiarize him or herself regarding the resources needed, their access towards acquiring these, and most importantly their availability. Based on these factors, the resources must be properly scheduled to the general project plan thus, developing the connection between the task involved in the project and the resources needed for these procedures. Naturally, numerous problems are likely to arise regarding the resource access and allocation in the procedural operation for multiproject such as the inavailability some of the resources, the delayed arrival of it, insufficient acquisition, unbalanced distribution, and others. To address these problems, it is important to schedule resources highlighting the amount, availability, and the period of access of the resources needed for the project. Another important concern in resource schedule is relating them to the general project plan particularly on the organization of the procedural tasks and process steps. This is critically necessary as the resources or materials are critically important for the procedural tasks wherein the latter cannot be done with the necessary materials for it. As such, the organizer of the plan must plan the access and availability of the resources taking advantage of their abundance and resorting to other channels to alleviate shortage and inavailability. Planning ahead of these negative consequences and the period when the materials are needed can ensure the continuous establishment of the project process towards its completion. On the other hand, another critical element in the project plan is the work force required for the completion of the process tasks of the multiproject. Having the resource on time is important yet, these must still be converted to what the multiproject requires through working on it. Naturally, project work requires the elements of time and manpower thus, are essential to the completion of the project. Often, these elements also become the primary hindrances in the project completion such as the inavailability of work force, the depletion of the time allowed for the project due to the complexity of each tasks. As such, outsourcing project work is indeed practical and likewise important for the successful completion of the multiproject. Outsourcing project work can be manifested in different forms depending on the nature of the external contribution and the tasks involved. Project organizer can resort to buying already made materials that tailors to the need of the project tasks thus, minimal processing is needed allowing more time for the other procedures. Outsourcing project work can likewise come in the form of having additional people to work in the project tasks to hasten its processing over its complexity. Another is utilizing the benefits offered by the sources and producers of the materials such as their delivery, their custom parts, special requests on the products and others. All of which are indeed beneficial to the project plan as each significantly contribution towards the completion of the multiproject. Indeed, outsourcing project work is both practical and beneficial to the project as this approach saves time, gives additional work force for the project tasks, and negates the adversity of complex procedures thus, it must also be considered and incorporated in the general project plan. Bibliography Chapman, James R. (1997). The Project Management Triangle. Principle Based Project Management. http://www.hyperthot.com/pm_prin2.htm. March 2, 2008. Howarth, Stanley M. (1999). A Guide to Project Management. T N Publication. ISBN-10: 0966905407.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 21

Pandemonium. Elena whipped her head up, confused as to whether she was supposed to be the repentant slave any longer. The community leaders were all babbling at one another, pointing fingers, throwing up their hands. Damon had physically restrained the Godfather, who seemed to regard his part in the ceremony as concluded. The crowd was hooting and cheering. It looked as if there would be another fight; this time between Damon and the Godfather's men, especially the one called Clewd. Elena's head was whirling. She could catch only disjointed phrases. † – only six strokes and promised me that I could administer – † Damon was shouting. † – really think that these little flunkies tell the truth?† someone else – probably Clewd – was shouting back. But isn't that exactly what the Godfather was, too? Just a bigger, more frightening, and, undoubtedly, more efficient flunky who reported to someone higher up, and didn't cloud his mind with dope-smoke? Elena thought; and then ducked her head hastily as the fat man glanced toward her. She could hear Damon again, this time clearly above the hubbub. He was standing by the Godfather. â€Å"I had believed that even here there was some honor once a bargain was struck.† His voice made it obvious that he no longer thought negotiations were possible and that he was about to go on the attack. Elena tensed, horrified. She had never heard such open menace in his speaking voice. â€Å"Wait.† It was in the Godfather's lackadaisical tones, but it caused an instant of silence in the babble. The fat man, having removed Damon's hand from his arm, turned his head back toward Elena. â€Å"I will waive, for my part, the participation of my nephew Clewd. Diarmund, or whoever you were, you are free to punish your own slave with your own tools.† Suddenly, surprisingly, the old man was brushing bits of gold out of his beard and speaking directly to Elena. His eyes were ancient, tired, and surprisingly discerning. â€Å"Clewd is a master at whipping, you know. He has his own little invention. He calls it the cat's whiskers and one blow can flay the skin from neck to hip. Most men die from ten lashes. But I'm afraid he'll be disappointed today.† Then exposing surprisingly white and even teeth, the Godfather smiled. He extended to her the bowl of golden sweetmeats he'd been eating. â€Å"You might as well taste one before your Discipline. Go on.† Afraid to try one, afraid not to, Elena took one of the irregular pieces and popped it in her mouth. Her teeth crunched pleasantly. A walnut half! That's what the mysterious sweets were. A delicious half walnut dipped in some kind of sweet lemon syrup, with bits of hot pepper or something like that clinging to it, all gilded with that edible gold stuff. Ambrosia! The Godfather was saying to Damon, â€Å"Do your own ‘discipline,' boy. But don't neglect to teach the girl how to cover her thoughts. She has too much wit to be wasted here in a slum-brothel. But then why do I not think she wishes to become a famous courtesan at all?† Before Damon could answer or Elena look up from her genuflection, he was gone, carried by palanquin bearers to the only horse-drawn carriage Elena had seen in the slums. By now the arguing, gesticulating civic leaders, egged on by Young Drohzne, had come to a sullen agreement. â€Å"Ten lashes, and she need not strip, and you may give them,† they said. â€Å"But our final word is ten. The man who negotiated with you has no more power to argue.† Almost casually, one lifted by a tuft of hair a bodiless head. Absurdly, it was crowned with dusty leaves in anticipation of the banquet after the ceremony. Damon's eyes flared with true rage that set objects around him vibrating. Elena could feel his Power like a panther rearing back against a leash. She felt as if she were speaking against a hurricane which cast every word back into her throat. â€Å"I agree to it.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"It's over, Da – Master Damon. No more yelling. I agree.† Now, as she prostrated herself on the carpets before Drohzne, there was a sudden keening of women and children and a fusillade of pellets aimed – sometimes badly – at the smirking slave owner. The train of her dress was spread behind her like a bride's, the pearl overskirt making the underskirt a shimmering burgundy in the eternal red light. Her hair had fallen free of its high knot, making a cloud around her shoulders that Damon had to part with his hands. He was shaking. From fury. Elena didn't dare look at him, knowing that their minds would rush together. She was the one who remembered to say her formal speech before him and Young Drohzne so this entire farce would not have to be reenacted. Say it with feeling, her drama teacher, Ms. Courtland, had always excoriated the class. If there was no feeling in you there could be none in the audience. â€Å"Master!† Elena shouted in a voice that was loud enough to be heard above the women's lamentations. â€Å"Master, I am but a slave, not fit to address you. But I have trespassed and I accept my punishment eagerly – yea, eagerly, if it will restore to you but one hairsbreadth of the respectability you enjoyed before my unwonted evildoing. I beg you to punish this disgraced slave who lies like discarded offal in your gracious path.† The speech, which she had shouted in the unvarying glassy tones of someone who had been taught each word by rote, hadn't actually needed to be more than four words, â€Å"Master, I beg forgiveness.† But no one seemed to have recognized the irony that Meredith had put into it, or to find it amusing. The Godfather had accepted it; Young Drohzne had already heard it once, and now it was Damon's turn. But Young Drohzne wasn't finished yet. Smirking at Elena, he said, â€Å"Here's where you find out, Missy. But I want to see that ash rod before you use it!† – stumbling to Damon. A few practice swishes and blows to the cushions surrounding them (which filled the air with ruby-colored dust) satisfied him that the rod was all that even he could want. Mouth visibly watering, he settled on the gold couch, taking in Elena from head to toe. And finally the time had come. Damon couldn't put it off any longer. Slowly, as if every step was part of a play that he hadn't rehearsed properly, he sidled alongside Elena to get an angle. Finally, as the gathered crowd became restless, and the women showed signs of losing themselves in drink, rather than in keening, he picked his spot. â€Å"I ask forgiveness, my master,† Elena said in her no-expression voice. If left to himself, she thought, he wouldn't even have remembered the necessities. Now, indeed, was the time. Elena knew what Damon had promised her. She also knew that a lot of promises had been broken that day. For one thing, ten was almost twice six. She wasn't looking forward to this. But when the first blow came, she knew that Damon wasn't one of the promise-breakers. She felt a dull thud, and a numbness, and then, curiously, a wetness which had her glancing up through the latticework of boards above them for clouds. It was disconcerting to realize that the wetness was her own blood, spilled without pain, running down her side. â€Å"Make her count them,† Young Drohzne slurred in a snarl, and Elena said â€Å"One† automatically, before Damon could put up a fight. Elena went on counting in the same clear, unaffected voice. In her mind she wasn't here, in this foul-smelling horrible gutter at all. She was lying with her elbows propped up to support her face, and looking down into Stefan's eyes – those spring-green eyes that would never be old, no matter how many centuries he accumulated. She was dreamily counting for him, and ten would be their signal to jump up and begin the race. It was raining gently, but Stefan was giving her a handicap, and soon, soon she would scramble off him and run away through lush green grass. She would make this a fair race and really put her muscle into it, but Stefan, of course, would catch her. Then they would go down on the grass together, laughing and laughing as if they were having hysterics. As for the vague, far-off sounds of wolflike leers and drunken snarls, even they were gradually changing. It all had to do with some silly dream about Damon and an ash rod. In the dream, Damon was swinging hard enough to satisfy the most exacting of onlookers, and the blows, which Elena could hear in the increasing silence, sounded more than hard enough, and made her feel a bit nauseated when she reflected that they were the sound of her own skin splitting, but she felt no more than dull cuffs up and down her back. And Stefan was drawing up her hand to kiss! â€Å"I'll always be yours,† Stefan said. â€Å"We belong together every time you dream.† I'll always be yours, Elena told him silently, knowing he would get the message. I may not be able to dream of you all the time, but I am always with you. Always, my angel. I'm waiting for you, Stefan said. Elena heard her own voice say â€Å"Ten,† and Stefan kissed her hand again and was gone. Blinking, bewildered, and confused by the sudden inrush of noises, she sat cautiously up, looking around. Young Drohzne was hunched into himself, blind with fury, disappointment, and more liquor than even he could stand up under. The wailing women had long ago gone silent, awed. The children were the only ones who still made any noise, climbing up and down on the boards, whispering to one another and running if Elena should happen to glance their way. And then, with an entire lack of ceremony, it was over. When Elena first stood up the world made a complete double circle around her and her legs folded. Damon caught her, and called to the few young men still conscious and inclined to look at him, â€Å"Give me a cape.† It wasn't a request, and the best-dressed of the men, who seemed to have been slumming, tossed him a heavy cape, black, lined with greenish blue, and said, â€Å"Keep it. The performance – marvelous. Is it a hypnotist's act?† â€Å"No performance,† Damon snarled, in a voice that stopped the other slummers in the act of holding out business cards. â€Å"Take them,† Elena whispered. Damon snatched up the cards in one hand, ungraciously. But Elena forced herself to toss the hair off her face and smile slowly, heavy-lidded, at the young men. They smiled somewhat timidly back. â€Å"When you – ah – perform again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You'll hear,† Elena called to them. Damon was already carrying her back to Dr. Meggar, surrounded by the inevitable entourage of children plucking at their cloaks. It was only then that it occurred to Elena to wonder why Damon had asked for a cloak from some strangers, when he, in fact, was already wearing one. â€Å"They will be having ceremonies somewhere, now that there are this many of them,† Mrs. Flowers said in genteel distress as she and Matt sat and sipped herbal tea in the boardinghouse parlour. It was dinnertime, but still quite light outside. â€Å"Ceremonies to do what?† Matt asked. He had never made it to his parents' house since he'd left Damon and Elena more than a week ago to come back to Fell's Church. He'd stopped by Meredith's house, which was on the edge of town, and she'd convinced him to come by Mrs. Flowers's first. After the conversation the three of them had had with Bonnie, Matt had decided it was best to be â€Å"invisible.† His family would be safer if no one knew that he was still in Fell's Church. He would live at the boardinghouse, but none of the children who were making all the trouble would realize that. Then, with Bonnie and Meredith safely gone to meet Damon and Elena, Matt could be a sort of secret operative. Now he almost wished he'd gone with the girls. Trying to be a secret operative in a place where all the enemies seemed to be able to hear and see better than you could, as well as to move much faster, hadn't turned out to be nearly as helpful as it had sounded. He spent reading most of the time the Internet blogs that Meredith had marked, looking for clues that might do them some good. But he hadn't read of the need for any kind of ceremonies. He turned to Mrs. Flowers as she thoughtfully sipped her tea. â€Å"Ceremonies for what?† he repeated. With her soft white hair and her gentle face and vague, amiable blue eyes, Mrs. Flowers looked like the most harmless little old lady in the world. She wasn't. A witch by birth, and a gardener by vocation, she knew as much about black magic herbal toxins as about white magic healing poultices. â€Å"Oh, doing generally unpleasant things,† she replied sadly, staring into the tea leaves in her cup. â€Å"They're partly like pep rallies, you know, to get everyone all worked up. They probably also do some small black magic there. Some of it is by way of blackmail and brainwashing – they can tell any new converts that they are guilty now by reason of attending the meetings. They might as well give in and become fully initiated†¦that sort of thing. Very unpleasant.† â€Å"But what kind of unpleasant?† Matt persisted. â€Å"I really don't know, dear. I never went to one of them.† Matt considered. It was almost 7:00, which was curfew for children under eighteen. Eighteen seemed to be the oldest that a child could be and become possessed. Of course, it wasn't an official curfew. The sheriff's department seemed to have no idea of how to deal with the curious disease that was working its way through the young girls of Fell's Church. Scare them straight? It was the police that were frightened. One young sheriff had come tearing out of the Ryan house to be sick after seeing how Karen Ryan had bitten off the heads of her pet mice and what she had done with the rest of them. Lock them away? The parents wouldn't hear of it, no matter how bad their child's behavior was, how obvious it was that their kid needed help. Children who were towed off to the next town for an appointment with a psychiatrist sat demurely and spoke calmly and logically†¦for the entire fifty minutes of their appointment. Then, on their way back they took revenge, repeating everything their parents said in perfect mimicry, making startlingly real-sounding animal noises, holding conversations with themselves in Asian-sounding languages, or even resorting to the clich but still chilling backward-talking routine. Neither ordinary discipline nor ordinary medical science seemed to have an answer to the childrens' problem. But what frightened parents the most was when their sons and daughters would disappear. Early on, it was assumed that the children went to the cemetery, but when adults tried to follow them to one of their secret meetings, they found the cemetery empty – even down to Honoria Fell's secret crypt. The children seemed to have simply†¦vanished. Matt thought he knew the answer to this conundrum. That thicket of the Old Wood still standing near the cemetery. Either Elena's powers of purification had not reached this far, or the place was so malevolent that it had been able to resist her cleansing. And, as Matt knew well, the Old Woods were completely under the domination of the kitsune by now. You could take two steps into the thicket and spend the rest of your life trying to get out. â€Å"But maybe I'm young enough to follow them in,† he said now to Mrs. Flowers. â€Å"I know Tom Pierler goes with them and he's my age. And then so were the ones who started it: Caroline gave it to Jim Bryce, who gave it to Isobel Saitou.† Mrs. Flowers looked abstracted. â€Å"We should ask Isobel's grandmother for more of those Shinto wards against evil she blessed,† she said. â€Å"Do you think you could do that sometime, Matt? Soon we'll have to ready ourselves for a barricade, I'm afraid.† â€Å"Is that what the tea leaves say?† â€Å"Yes, dear, and they agree with what my poor old head says, too. You might want to pass the word on to Dr. Alpert as well so she can get her daughter and grandchildren out of town before it's too late.† â€Å"I'll give her the message, but I think it's going to be pretty hard tearing Tyrone away from Deborah Koll. He's really stuck on her – hey, maybe Dr. Alpert can get the Kolls to leave, too.† â€Å"Maybe she can. That would mean a few less children to worry about,† Mrs. Flowers said, taking Matt's cup to peer into it. â€Å"I'll do it.† It was weird, Matt thought. He had three allies now in Fell's Church and they were all women over sixty. One was Mrs. Flowers, still vigorous enough to be up every morning taking a walk and doing her gardening; one was Obaasan – confined to bed, tiny and doll-like, with her black hair held up in a bun – who was always ready with advice from the years she had spent as a shrine maiden; and the last was Dr. Alpert, Fell's Church's local doctor, who had iron gray hair, burnished dark brown skin, and an absolutely pragmatic attitude about everything, including magic. Unlike the police, she refused to deny what was happening in front of her, and did her best to help alleviate the fears of the children as well as to advise the terrified parents. A witch, a priestess, and a doctor. Matt figured that he had all his bases covered, especially since he also knew Caroline, the original patient in this case – whether it was possession by foxes or wolves or both, plus something else. â€Å"I'll go to the meeting tonight,† he said firmly. â€Å"The kids have been whispering and contacting each other all day. I'll hide in the afternoon someplace where I can see them going into the thicket. Then I'll follow – as long as Caroline or – God help us, Shinichi or Misao – isn't with them.† Mrs. Flowers poured him another cup of tea. â€Å"I'm very worried about you, Matt, dear. It seems to me to be a day of bad omens. Not the sort of day to take chances.† â€Å"Does your mom have anything to say about it?† Matt asked, genuinely interested. Mrs. Flowers's mother had died sometime around the beginning of the 1900s, but that hadn't stopped her from communicating with her daughter. â€Å"Well, that's just the thing. I haven't heard a word from her all day. I'll just try one more time.† Mrs. Flowers shut her eyes, and Matt could see her crepe-textured eyelids move around as she presumably looked for her mother or tried to go into a trance or something. Matt drank his tea and finally began to play a game on his mobile. At last Mrs. Flowers opened her eyes again and sighed. â€Å"Dear Mama (she always said it that way, with the accent on the second syllable) is being fractious today. I just can't get her to give me a clear answer. She does say that the meeting will be very noisy, and then very silent. And it's clear that she feels it will be very dangerous as well. I think I'd better go with you, my dear.† â€Å"No, no! If your mother thinks it's that dangerous I won't even try it,† Matt said. The girls would skin him alive if anything happened to Mrs. Flowers, he thought. Better to play it safe. Mrs. Flowers sat back in her chair, seeming relieved. â€Å"Well,† she said at last, â€Å"I suppose I'd better get to my weeding. I have mugwort to cut and dry, too. And blueberries should be ripe by now, as well. How time flies.† â€Å"Well, you're cooking for me and all,† Matt said. â€Å"I wish you'd let me pay you bed and board.† â€Å"I could never forgive myself! You are my guest, Matt. As well as my friend, I do so hope.† â€Å"Absolutely. Without you, I'd be lost. And I'll just take a walk around the edge of town. I need to burn off some energy. I wish – † He broke off suddenly. He'd started to say he wished he could shoot a few hoops with Jim Bryce. But Jim wouldn't be shooting hoops again – ever. Not with his mutilated hands. â€Å"I'll just go out and take a walk,† he said. â€Å"Yes,† said Mrs. Flowers. â€Å"Please, Matt dear, be careful. Remember to take a jacket or Windbreaker.† â€Å"Yes, ma'am.† It was early August, hot and humid enough to walk around in swimming briefs. But Matt had been raised to treat little old ladies in a certain way – even if they were witches and in most things sharp as the X-acto knife he slipped into his pocket as he left the boardinghouse. He went outside, then, by a side route, down to the cemetery. Now, if he just went over there, where the ground dipped down below the thicket, he'd have a good view of anyone going into the last remnant of the Old Wood while no one on the path below could see him from any angle. He hurried toward his chosen hide noiselessly, ducking behind tombstones, keeping alert for any change in birdsong, which would indicate that the children were coming. But the only birdsong was the raucous shriek of crows in the thicket and he saw no one at all – – until he slipped into his hideout. Then he found himself face-to-face with a drawn gun, and, behind that, the face of Sheriff Rich Mossberg. The first words out of the officer's mouth seemed to come entirely by rote, as if someone had pulled a string on a twentieth-century talking doll. â€Å"Matthew Jeffrey Honeycutt, I hereby arrest you for assault and battery upon Caroline Beula Forbes. You have the right to remain silent – â€Å" â€Å"And so do you,† Matt hissed. â€Å"But not for long! Hear those crows all taking off at once? The kids are coming to the Old Wood! And they're close!† Sheriff Mossberg was one of those people who never stop speaking until they are finished, so by this time he was saying: â€Å"Do you understand these rights?† â€Å"No, sir! Mi ne komprenas Dumbtalk!† A wrinkle appeared between the sheriff's eyebrows. â€Å"Is that Italian lingo you're trying on me?† â€Å"It's Esperanto – we don't have time! There they are – and, oh, God, Shinichi's with them!† The last sentence was spoken in the barest of whispers as Matt lowered his head, peeking through the tall weeds at the edge of the cemetery without stirring them. Yes, it was Shinichi, hand in hand with a little girl of maybe twelve. Matt recognized her vaguely: she lived up near Ridgemont. Now, what was her name? Betsy, Becca†¦? There was a faint anguished sound from Sheriff Mossberg. â€Å"My niece,† he breathed, surprising Matt that he could speak so softly. â€Å"That, in fact, is my niece, Rebecca!† â€Å"Okay, just stay still and hang on,† Matt whispered. There was a line of children following behind Shinichi just as if he were some sort of Satanic Pied Piper, with his red-tipped black hair shining and his golden eyes laughing in the late-afternoon sunlight. The children were giggling and singing, some of them in sweet nursery school voices, a remarkably twisted version of â€Å"Seven Little Rabbits.† Matt felt his mouth go dry. It was agony to watch them march into the forest thicket, like watching lambs riding up a ramp into an abattoir. He had to commend the sheriff for not trying to shoot Shinichi. That would really have caused all hell to break loose. But then, just as Matt's head was sagging in relief as the last of the children entered the thicket, he jerked it back up again. Sheriff Mossberg was preparing to get up. â€Å"No!† Matt grabbed his wrist. The sheriff pulled away. â€Å"I have to go in there! He's got my niece!† â€Å"He won't kill her. They don't kill the children. I don't know why, but they don't.† â€Å"You heard what sort of filth he was teaching them. He'll sing a different tune when he sees a semiautomatic Glock pistol aimed at his head.† â€Å"Listen,† Matt said, â€Å"you've got to arrest me, right? I demand that you arrest me. But don't go into that Wood!† â€Å"I don't see any proper Wood,† the sheriff said with disdain. â€Å"There's barely room in that stand of oak trees for all those kids to sit down. If you want to be of some use in your life, you can grab one or two of the little ones as they come running out.† â€Å"Running out?† â€Å"When they see me, they're going to scatter. Probably burst out in all directions, but some of 'em will take the path they used to go in. Now are you going to help or not?† â€Å"Not, sir,† Matt said slowly and firmly. â€Å"And – and, look – look, I'm begging you not to go in there! Believe me, I know what I'm talking about!† â€Å"I don't know what kind of dope you're on, kid, but in fact I don't have time to talk any more right now. And if you try to stop me again† – he swung the Glock to cover Matt – â€Å"I'll cite you for another account of trying to obstruct justice. Get it?† â€Å"Yeah, I get it,† Matt said, feeling tired. He slumped back into the hide as the officer, making surprisingly little noise, slipped out and made his way down to the thicket. Then Sheriff Rich Mossberg strode in between the trees and was lost to Matt's field of vision. Matt sat in the hide and sweated for an hour. He was having trouble staying awake when there was a disturbance in the thicket and Shinichi came out, leading the laughing, singing children. Sheriff Mossberg didn't come out with them.

Individual Reflective Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Reflective Report - Assignment Example Almost everyone who leaves their homelands to pursue studies or work abroad experiences some amount of cultural shock. For the Chinese, this cultural shock amounts to an alarming extent since the culture of the west is entirely different from that of China and the Chinese people. Not only is the language entirely different, so is the style of living and customs. Most people who leave for America, UK, Australia or other western countries have to learn the English language as it the major medium of communication in almost all of these countries. For that purpose, there are many English language centers in China that cater to these people. These centers however provide little besides English language training to these students. Due to that, even when they are considerably proficient in the English language, Chinese people still suffer difficulties once they actually arrive at their destinations. A reason for this difficulty is that they are un-initiated with the ways of the western world. This business plan proposes to offer these prospective students and businessmen a way to become oriented with the culture and ways of the West so that they face less difficulty in settling in once they arrive at the country of their choosing. The English Language centers currently offering their services in the major cities of china mainly focus on offering comprehensive English language teaching. Although it is imperative that the Chinese people who are leaving for abroad learn how to communicate in English, it still does not diminish the lack of understanding that these people possess about the social and cultural workings of the west and how this lack of understanding effects their performance. The Le Yan English centre will be filling in the gap in this educational sector and the whole plan is based upon the concept of providing the customers with the added advantage of acclimatization with the western

Critically evaluate the nation from McGunnigle and Jameson (2000) that Essay

Critically evaluate the nation from McGunnigle and Jameson (2000) that the hospitality industry does not adopt sophisticated Hum - Essay Example They were those who offer excellent comfort whenever someone wishes to temporarily find accommodation in hotels; act anthropologically as tour guides of foreign nationals; manage entertainments for theatres, disco houses and galleries. There lives are an endless management of affairs that constantly change. A number of these hospitality workers have earned a degree; others earned a certificate while the rest are not but take opportunities to maximize their personal skills. Some of them are professionals trained to groom hotels for interior designs and house keeping; cooking nutritious food with delicate garnishes; servicing variety of wines; offering professional skills and geographic knowledge for clients of tourism industry; manage public relations artfully; organize events and celebrations; and other services of similar nature. There working environments are often in excellent or satisfactory facilities. Like how seemingly lucrative the job sounds, they reinvent themselves to what suit best for occasions. The hospitality industry presents an opportunity for supervisory functions who can effectively and efficiently relate with people. There are perks and incentives offered by clients or manager clients in exchange for satisfactory services. There job also provides an opportunity to meet people from varied places and of varying experiences. The industries on the other hand present some threats and weaknesses especially whenever workers are exposed to sexual harassment or degrading experiences at work places. Harris and Reynolds (2004) who studied the motive in the hospitality industry pointed that there are customers who deliberately act or misbehave in abusive manner which cause some level of insecurity that will affect the hospitality providers. It is widely acknowledged that workers are at risk when they are confronted with deviant or dysfunctional customer behaviors. Woods and Kavanaugh (1994), who conducted a study on perception of gender discrimination a nd sexual harassment in hospitality industry with 613 responses, attest that such discrimination happens and are manifested in different manners. Women respondents professed that they are most discriminated in promotion and salaries while male hospitality workers responded that they are more exposed to uncertain possibilities. Woods et. al. (1994) bared that 25% of their respondents of women in hospitality positions experienced sexual harassment at work and that these are pervasive realities in this industry. Moreover, there is evident weakening of market conditions as some establishments within this industry decided to undergo cost-savings in both capital and operational level (Ernst & Young, 2009). Many decided to reduce expenditures, undergo asset management and limited capital improvements (Ernst & Young, 2009). Their situation is at some level unpredictable because they are also governed by developments that may negatively impact the industry, such as issues on insecurity, poli tical upheavals, economic downturns that may result to retrenchments. But such situation is generally true to all profession. What matters foremost is when executives and managers of hospitality industry are able to strategically manage its human resources

Compare and contrast Marx idea of Class and Durkheims Division of Essay

Compare and contrast Marx idea of Class and Durkheims Division of Labour - Essay Example Those who accepted it became modern societies or Capitalist societies. Many theorists in the sociology have tried to explain or simplify the complexities of these societies, among the greatest of them Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim are considered as the fathers of sociology. Both of them had a deep power on the development of sociological theories. Karl Marx (1818-1883) wrote the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts in 1844, and one of these documents, titled Estranged Labor, includes his debate of alienation - the experience of isolation resulting from powerlessness. Marx’s main concern was with the formations of capitalism that result this alienation. He gave a theory of alienation deep-rooted in social composition. In his theory he wanted to get across two vital and foremost ideas. Firstly, that mankind make society, and at some point society is a natural extension of their nature and their being, and secondly, as modern society develops, human beings begin to feels that society is not of their making, and no longer reflects their being or their nature, but instead appears to be alien. Marx argued that laboring was the primary way by which human kind exposed themselves in nature and history. According to Marx, alienation breaks fundamental association individuals have to the self-defining aspect of laboring activity. He identified four characteristics of alienation: Product alienation takes place when workers become alienated from the objects they produce. The product of their labor belongs to the capitalists not to the workers. The capitalists may utilize it however they wish mostly to sell the product to get profit. Furthermore, workers often do not have information of the features of production they are not involved in, and have no sense of their job in the entire production process. Alienation from productive activity refers that workers do not work their own satisfaction to fulfil their needs but capitalism makes

The Current Evidence of Human Evolution (Human Biology essay) Essay

The Current Evidence of Human Evolution (Human Biology ) - Essay Example Unlike in the past, modern humans have created complex communal structures that are composed of many competing and cooperating groups, from individuals’ families to states. Social communications between humans also have established wide diversity of traditions, values, ethics, laws and social norms which all form human society’s basis modern humans have showed a bigger appreciation for aesthetics and beauty which when joint with the wish for self-expression, it has led to modernizations like music, literature and art. Modern humans are largely distinguished for their numerous desires to comprehend and influence the earth in search of answers to of explaining and manipulating normal phenomena through religion, science, mythology and philosophy (Cremo, 2010, p.49). This curiosity is what has enhanced the development of skills and advanced tools; modern humans are the only species that are currently known to clothe themselves, cook their food, build fires, and develop and enhance other numerous technologies (O’higgin &Cohn, 2000, p.89). This is unlike in the past where species dint use to light fires, eat healthy and nutritious food clothe t hemselves or know how to use any modern tools which shows that human beings have evolved over many years and are still evolving. Modern humans also pass their knowledge and skills to future generations through continuous education. Modern humans are genetically different from early human because of the increased rate of evolution which is as a result of increase growth of human population and their movements into new environments like cities, where most are taken as major subject to emerging natural collection pressures (Cunnanes & Stewart, 2010, p83). Evolution of human is characterized by various essential morphological, behavioral, physiological and developmental changes that have occurred since the split between chimpanzees and the last human being’s ancestor. The

Should sick people pay more for health insurance Annotated Bibliography

Should sick people pay more for health insurance - Annotated Bibliography Example Gottlieb, Scott. How Much Does Obamacare Rip Off Young Adults? We Ran The Numbers. Here Are The  Results. Forbes. 28Th March 2014. Web. 9Th April 2014. Gottleb’s article in this study will act as a proof in showing how expensive insurances have turned out to be especially for the young beneficiaries. Therefore, its content will aid in backing varied statistics, which in intend to state in this argument contending the health insurances are too pricey whereby the state through its varied authorities ought to regulate. Since, not all Americans despite being legal or illegal citizens are capable of affording their current ratings. However, this source compared to others will not be among the main ones but as a backing reference meant to show how pricey health insurances have turned out to be. This is despite those involved in dispatching of health insurances including the government knowing sickness is not a permanent condition. I will also use this source in showing how the government has failed in regulating the cost of health in comparison to other states like that of Germany as depicted by Khazan’s article. From this recent article highlighting how a man was diagnosed with a testicular mass likely a cancer. Thus, he did not get proper care because he did not have a health insurance. I intend to use it in backing the argument on health insurance cover. This is to show how costly it has become in comparison to other states globally. This implies the US should intervene to regulate the price to be affordable to all civilians. This content discusses how one might be at high risk of death if he or she does not have a health insurance cover. I will use this content to cite how

Forum 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum 5 - Research Paper Example most effective of what is commonly known as â€Å"business to customer communications† which effectively influences consumers to an organization or its brand products due to its dual way communication (Bowie and Buttle, 2012, n.p.). The customer communication effort is particularly effective because of its personalized approach that focuses on individual consumers. It similarly has a number of efficiencies that facilitate communication between businesses and their consumers towards capturing consumers’ attention and influencing them into preferring an organization and its products. The low cost of email communication as well as its speed in communication for example allows organizations to respond to consumers’ enquiries in a faster and affordable way, communicating the organization’s efficiency and the value it puts on consumers (Masterman and Wood, 2006). Application of emails also promotes consumers’ confidence in an organization and its products due to a continued contact even after purchase (Turner and Weickgenannt, 2008). The associated advantages and efficiencies of emails therefore identify it as a successful way of putting an organization’s name in front of current customers and potential customers. This is, further, because the approach induces confidence among the

IR take home exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IR take home exam - Essay Example In analysing the case, J. Mason stated that contract terms are agreed before the contract is enforced. However, a lot can change in light of circumstances during the discharge of the contract. In such situations, the court is generally hesitant and cautious about interpreting implied terms because some facts that were not foreseen could be relevant in determining the conduct of parties in the contract. This point of law means that the realities on the ground may make contracts less significant. Mason concedes that contracts with higher degrees of certainty in their terms cover more eventualities. However, since the future cannot be predicted, contracts can be modified significantly as a result of circumstances. In such cases, some important guidelines should be followed to find practical solutions to the issue. Employment contracts are contracts between employers and employees. By their nature, they are also open to uncertainty of interpretation in the future. Employment contracts set out express terms and implied terms. Express terms in employment contracts are the terms that are written or stated clearly by the employer or employee before the contract is signed. They can be found in formal service contracts, letters of appointments or oral negotiations at the time of recruitment. In addition, they may be included in management policy manuals and other written documents setting out how employees are expected to conduct themselves in the workplace. Express terms of employment contracts are often made on the basis of present facts and conditions. In other words, they are made with the best knowledge of both parties at the time of contracting. Hence, both present and foreseeable conditions should be taken into account to ensure the inclusion of all relevant terms conditions and ideas that may influence the employment in the future. However, in reality, situations may arise that were not factored into the initial contract and that may necessitate

Windeby Girl Essay Example for Free

Windeby Girl Essay The body was found in 1952 in an estate called Windeby in Northern Germany. It was discovered when the owners decided to cut the peat to sell for fuel. During the process, the body of a 14 year old girl was found, however at that time, the machinery had already caused some damage to the body. It severed a leg, a foot and a hand. Work was then immediately stopped to investigate the find. State in which the body was found When the body was first found, parts such as the hand and hair were very well preserved by the bog. Her brain was said to have retained its size and shape. The chest had, at the time, decayed and the ribs were visible. The hair had been shaved on one side and there was a blindfold over her eyes. There was a leather collar around the body’s neck, and due to the long hair and small frame, it was instantly assumed to be a girl. Why did she die? There are different theories as to why Windeby died. The first interpretation when the body was found was that she was killed as punishment for adultery. Her head was shaved, led out naked with a cloth covering her eyes and leather collar around her neck then drowned in the bog. Another body was found about five metres from Windeby Girl, it was that of a man, and at the time was said to be her partner in the acts. However, this was later unproven as further investigation was done on the bodies. Carbon dating showed that Windeby Girl died during the first century AD, whereas her supposed partner lived three centuries earlier. Due to the fact that there were no signs of trauma or struggle according the evidence on the body, ideas that this may have been a sacrificial ritual were proposed. Later Investigation: Windeby Girl is a Boy In 1952, when Windeby Girl was first found, the discoverers assumed that she was girl due to the long hair and small frame. In 1970, Heather Gill-Robinson, a biological anthropologist, examined the body’s skeleton and proposed that the body could in fact be a boy. More than 30 years later, in 2007, a DNA testing was done ad a professor from North Dakota State University proved that the body was indeed male. The DNA and bone testing also showed that the boy may have been malnourished and was often sick during his life. This lead to the theory that the boy may have simply died due to natural causes and the blindfold was there to â€Å"protect the living from the gaze of the dead† or may have merely been a band to hold back his hair and slipped down due to shrinkage of the body. His half bald head maybe have also been due to careless excavation or natural causes such as decay over time.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Pathogenesis Biology Essay

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Pathogenesis Biology Essay Leishmaniasis is a tropical, protozoan disease caused exclusively by intracellular parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniasis is a worldwide problem and due to the various species of Leishmania, can manifest in humans as 3 main clinical forms: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, or Visceral Leishmaniasis. Consequently, the severity of the infection and symptoms differ from self healing infections that produce significant scars to the fatal infections. Pathogenesis Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of female insect vector sand flies of the species Phlebotomus in the Old World and Luzomyia in the New World (Figure 1). The life cycle for all Leishmania species is relatively simple and similar (Figure 2). When the sand fly takes a blood meal, it inoculates the source with the 2-3 mm long parasite. At this stage, the Leishmania parasite is known as a promastigote as it contains a singular flagellum. Promastigotes are injected into the host skin, after which they attach themselves to the hosts macrophages, and are induced by phagocytosis. These white blood cells are present at the inoculation site because of the hosts natural immune response to the sand fly bite. Once inside the macrophages, the promastigotes transform into their non-flagellate form, known as amastigotes. From here the amastigotes reproduce by binary fission and continue to proliferate within the white blood cells until the cell bursts. The parasites are then free to infect and invade other reticulo-endothelial cells, which share the same fate and are destroyed due to the reproduction of amastigotes within. The amastigotes and infected macrophages enter the blood circulation. The life cycle of Leishmania is continued when a female sand fly feeds on the infected hosts blood and the amastigotes are taken up by the sand flies. Amastigotes transform into promastigotes, which proliferate by binary fission in the midgut of the sand fly over a period of 4-25 days (WHO, 2010). Hereafter, the promastigotes migrate to the fly proboscis or mouthparts, where the parasite can infect a new host during feeding (Murray et al, 2009) and thus the Leishmania lifecycle is continued. Mammals are more often reservoirs for infection. As well as humans; dogs, rodents, wolves and foxes are examples of common reservoirs (Neuber, 2008) and thus, can suffer from leishmaniasis diseases too. Figure 2: The life cycle of Leishmania. Adapted from Chappuis et al (2007). Figure 1: A Sand fly vector of Leishmania parasites. Extracted from Neuber (2008). Epidemiology Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries, 72 of which are developing countries. An estimated 12 million people are infected with leishmaniasis and 70,000 people die each year (Reithinger et al, 2007). There are currently about 350 million people worldwide that are at risk and threatened by leishmaniasis because they live within 40Â ° north and south of the equator (Jones et al., 2005; Neuber, 2008) and according to the World Health Organisation (2010), there are an estimated 1-2 million new cases each year. There are approximately 20 species of Leishmania which are pathogenic for humans (Chappuis et al., 2007). These species vary in their geographical location and have an effect on the leishmaniasis which manifests (Table 1). Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis and is endemic in over 70 countries worldwide (Figure 3). It is found throughout Africa and the Middle East in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kabul, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria; however, more particularly in South America, in Brazil and Peru (Reithinger et al, 2007; Murray et al, 2009). Over 90% mucocutaneous leishmaniasis often occurs in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru and the majority (over 90%) of visceral leishmaniasis cases, the most dangerous form, is localised to 6 countries; Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Nepal and Sudan. There are an estimated 500,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis each year (WHO, 2010; Chappuis et al., 2007). Figure 3: Geographical distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Extracted from Reithinger et al (2007). Main Clinical Presentation Leishmania Parasite Main Geographical Distribution Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. tropica* Africa, Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean area Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. major* Middle East, Africa Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. aethiopia* Ethiopia, Kenya Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. amazonesis ^ South America (Brazil, Venezuela) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L .columbiensis ^ Northern South America (Columbia, Panama) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. garnhami ^ South America (Venezuela) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. peruviana ^ Peru, Panama, Costa Rica, Columbia Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. venezuelensis ^ Northern South America (Venezuela) Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis L. braziliensis ^ Central and South America Visceral Leishmaniasis L. donovani* Africa, Asia Visceral Leishmaniasis L. infantum (L. chagasi) Europe, north Africa, Central and South America, Mediterranean area Table 1: Overview of clinical presentation and geographical distribution of species of Leishmaniasis that cause human disease. L. = Leishmania. * Leishmania species of the Old World. ^ Leishmania species of the New world. Data adapted from Reithinger et al (2007), Neuber (2008) and Murray et al (2009). Clinical Presentation Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a localised reaction at the inoculation site, which tends to be uncovered areas such as the face, hands and lower legs. Between 2 weeks and 2 months after the sand flys bite, a red papule forms. The area begins to swell and become irritated and after 3-4 weeks, flat ulcers form which eventually harden and form crusted margins. The volcano-like lesions that form can heal without treatment; however, sufferers are commonly left with significant, disfiguring scars. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as espundia, is most often caused by Leishmania viannia braziliensis and has a similar incubation time as cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, this form causes more devastating disfigurement to disease sufferers as the parasites metastasise towards to the mucosal membranes and destroy them and nearby unrelated tissue structures also (Murray et al, 2009). This form is more commonly seen after a primary infection of cutaneous leishmaniasis, where the lesions have eventually healed. Untreated lesions can transform into mucocutaneous forms and year later the oral and nasal mucosas become infected. Inflammation of the nose, mouth, oropharynx and trachea cause sever mutilation and facial disfigurement. Death can sometimes arise as mucosal lesions do not self-heal and prolonged infection compromises both immune and respiratory systems. Visceral Leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as, kala-azar, dumdum fever or black fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, and if left untreated, those infected will die. It is the most dangerous because parasites leave the skin and colonise the entire reticulo-endothelial system (Neuber, 2008) and spread to internal organs. Incubation period may be from several weeks to a year and can present as a rapidly fatal disease or as an asymptomatic, self-limiting infection (Murray et al, 2009). As the parasites proliferate and destroy the hosts cells, sufferers present with a marked enlargement of the liver, spleen lymph nodes as well as fatigue, weight loss, fever chills, severe anaemia and kidney damage. Death is caused by haemorrhage, complications relating to anaemia or a weakened immune system which cannot deal with bacterial co-infections (Chappuis et al, 2007). As is the case with all forms of leishmaniasis, the chances of the sufferer developing a secondary infection, such as a bacterial infection, are very high and doing so, can complicate the disease further and may lead to death. To add: one photo for each CL, ML and VL. Canine Leishmaniasis Leishmania infantum not only cause severe disease in humans, but in dogs also. Millions of dogs in Europe, Asia, North Africa, and South America are affected by the parasite. There are some clinical manifestations of the disease in dogs which re similar to that of humans including cutaneous alterations, enlargement of lymph nodes, liver and spleen, weight loss and glomerulopathy. As well as this, ocular lesions, epistaxis (nose bleeds), onycogryphosis (abnormal curving of claws) and lameness (disability in walking) are classic symptoms found in infected dogs (Maia and Campino, 2008). As with visceral leishmaniasis, canine leishmaniasis may also present as an asymptomatic infection, thus delaying necessary treatment. Diagnosis Due to the clinical presentations of the disease, a diagnosis can be made; however, for a definitive diagnosis the Leishmania parasite must be detected to confirm the diagnosis. Parasitological techniques are routinely used and involve demonstrating promastigotes in a direct examination of tissue aspirates, or detecting amastigotes in biopsy specimens, which are then, examined using a microscope. Serological techniques to diagnose leishmaniasis are based upon indirectly identifying specific host humoural and cell-mediated responses after inoculation of the parasite. Diagnostic methods include direct agglutination test (DAT), the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting and antigen detection. Molecular techniques involve detecting leishmanial DNA or RNA have been beneficial in not only diagnosis, but species identification also. The molecular techniques include using various versions of polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to amplify species specific parasite sequences, DNA probes, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and isoenzyme electrophoresis. Treatment All forms of leishmaniasis should be treated due to their mortality and morbidity consequences. Drugs are available to treat the disease and choice for all forms is the pentavalent antimonial compound sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam). Cutaneous leishmaniasis is also treated with injections of other antimonial compounds, such as fluconazole and litefosine, directly into the infected lesions (* Figure). Miltefosine has also proven to be an effective treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (Murray et al, 2009). However, as with all drug treatments, the development of drug resistance is a huge issue and over use of this drug in previous years could lead to Leishmania species becoming resistant. As well as this, there are considerable side effects associated with most drugs (Neuber, 2008). A safe and effective vaccine against the various species is urgently required particularly in endemic areas; however, there is currently no vaccine available although work to develop one is still ongoing. (To add: * Figure of such treatment) Social and Economical Implications Leishmaniasis is found in developing countries or the poorer regions of a country and thus commonly affects the poorest of the poor. Having such a disease can cause many problems in the lives of those infected and their families as they become poorer due to the direct and high costs of diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and the indirect costs such as loss of income (Chappuis et al, 2007). Another impact of the disease is the social and psychological stigma associated with leishmaniasis, because of the disfigurement and significant scarring caused. Thus, even after the disease has been treated or self-healed, patients must deal with a constant reminder of what they had to endure. Cheap, rapid and accurate diagnostic methods are needed to allow all those infected, especially the poor, to get the medical attention they need, and to also allow treatment to start as soon as possible thus ensuring symptoms may not be as detrimental. Project Aims The aim of this project is to compare the different methods for diagnosis of leishmaniasis in humans and dogs. These methods will be critically analysed in order to test the following hypothesis: A Leishmania infection can be detected unequivocally. In doing so, the necessary requirements for a correct diagnosis for those who live in endemic areas and for those whom leishmaniasis is a threat, will also be discussed.

Internet Censorship Survey Essay -- Technology Computers Essays

Internet Censorship Survey Topics of censorship involving the different media have always drawn lively responses from people when asked about them. The media categories of television, printing and recordings now include the Internet. I conducted a survey of people to find out their opnion on the new medium. I asked people, "Do you think that there should be censorship on the Internet?". I conducted this survey during the week of February 14, 1997. I particularly chose this question because of these reasons: the recent news stories of children being lured into harm after being contacted via Internet; the reports of the availability of pornography; the recent cases tried on the bases of obscenity laws; the forthcoming U.S. Supreme Court hearing on Internet censorship; my own awareness of what is available on the Internet; the fast-pace growth and presence of the Internet, and the controversy of censorship on other mediums. Before conducting the survey, I predicted that Internet users would answer no to censorship on the Internet in overwhelming numbers. So, I would have to ask if the person used the Internet. I also predicted that my question would be perceived as important only to Internet users-- that I would have to convince someone that does not use the Internet to answer my survey. I even thought that I might conduct some of the survey on the Internet. I would find out later that there were plenty of Internet users in my survey without conducting it online. I also predicted that younger participants would say no to censorship on the Internet. I predicted that the older the person was, the more likely that they would support censorship on the Internet. I believe this because of my own experiences. I still think ... ...would answer no to censorship on the Internet. Since eleven did answer no I was partially right. Because eight answered no and two maybe, I was partially wrong too. I had also predicted younger aged people would say no to censorship on the Internet. I placed this prognostication on my own experience. That was proven wrong. Age was not a factor. If there was a large population of teens in the survey, maybe the answer would be different. This could be a theme for another survey. In conclusion, I thought the survey yielded many statistics. It was taken in four places with a mix of people that were all different. The events of surveying that are the most memorable were the events not recorded. I have learned to survey people around me for answers to important topics. I believe that the next survey I conduct will have a box for other reactions and replies I receive.

The African National Congress and the Fight Against South African Apart

The word â€Å"apartheid† means â€Å"separateness† in Afrikaans Language. Human Rights, according to â€Å"Article 1, UN Declaration of Rights† states that â€Å" All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in spirit of brotherhood†. The native Africans were being segregated from the whites and were treated as second class citizens. The black residents felt that the apartheid policies violated their rights. Human rights of South African natives were violated when a racial segregation system, called Apartheid, based upon skin color was established by the South African government. Although there were various international responses, the actions of such groups as the African National Congress displayed defiance and bravery in the midst of severe situations. Racial segregation and white domination had become main aspects of South African policy way before apartheid began. Although apartheid in South Africa technically formed in 1948, Africa’s history of racial oppression began as early as the mid-17th century. Unofficial apartheid began the moment when the Dutch East India Company set up a station on the Cape. South Africa is a country blessed with a plentiful abundance of natural resources. These natural resources being fertile farmlands and rare mineral resources. The climate resembles the San Francisco Bay Area more than any other location in the world. This is one of various reasons why the Dutch wanted to colonize it. South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the 17th century. Dutch colonists, also known as Boers or Afrikaners, were controlled by the English resulting in the Dutch forming the new colonies of Orange Free State and Tran... ...ctions of such groups as the African National Congress displayed defiance and bravery in the midst of extremely tough situations. South African native’s rights were being violated because they were being treated poorly and harshly. If anyone tried to protest, even protest with peaceful means, they were either shot at or arrested. The ANC was developed to fight the battle against apartheid. Eventually, this fortunately led to the end of apartheid in 1994. The humanity of all people are diminished when any group is withhold of rights that our granted to others. Works Cited http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html http://www.history.com/topics/apartheid http://www.sahistory.org.za/liberation-struggle-south-africa/apartheid-and-limits-non-violent-resistance-1948-1960 http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/discrim/race_b_at_print.asp

Search for Meaning in Siddhartha Essays -- Hesse Siddhartha Essays

Search for Meaning in Siddhartha  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Siddhartha is a young man on a long quest in search of the ultimate answer to the enigma of a man's role on this earth. Through his travels, he finds love, friendship, pain, and identity. He finds the true meaning behind them the hard way, but that is the best way to learn them. He starts out by finding friendship with his buddy, Govinda. They have been friends ever since their childhood. There are really close, like each other's shadow. They have traveled and lived most of their life together. Govinda was a very loyal friend. "Govinda, his friend, the Brahmin's son, loved him more than anybody else. He loved Siddhartha's eyes and clear voice. He loved the way he walked, his complete grace of movement; he loved everything that Siddhartha did and said, and above all he loved his intellect, his fine ardent thoughts, his strong will, his high vocation. Govinda knew that [Siddhartha] would not become an ordinary Brahmin, a lazy sacrificial official, an avaricious dealer in magic sayings, a conceited worthless orator, a wicked sly priest, o... Search for Meaning in Siddhartha Essays -- Hesse Siddhartha Essays Search for Meaning in Siddhartha  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Siddhartha is a young man on a long quest in search of the ultimate answer to the enigma of a man's role on this earth. Through his travels, he finds love, friendship, pain, and identity. He finds the true meaning behind them the hard way, but that is the best way to learn them. He starts out by finding friendship with his buddy, Govinda. They have been friends ever since their childhood. There are really close, like each other's shadow. They have traveled and lived most of their life together. Govinda was a very loyal friend. "Govinda, his friend, the Brahmin's son, loved him more than anybody else. He loved Siddhartha's eyes and clear voice. He loved the way he walked, his complete grace of movement; he loved everything that Siddhartha did and said, and above all he loved his intellect, his fine ardent thoughts, his strong will, his high vocation. Govinda knew that [Siddhartha] would not become an ordinary Brahmin, a lazy sacrificial official, an avaricious dealer in magic sayings, a conceited worthless orator, a wicked sly priest, o...

Dbq Essay-European History-Assumptions on Children

During early modern Europe, children were viewed in many different ways which changed how parents chose to raise their children. During the 1500’s, the mortality rates for children were high, therefore children were viewed as if they were adults and very precious if they survived, many people believed that they needed to treat children harshly to make them strong. In the 1600’s, children were raised tenderly as they were rational beings that could use reason.Children were viewed in many ways during early modern Europe to be rational, precious, and in need of guidance where these views determined the parents’ choice in child rearing to behaving harshly to kind guidance. Society sought for guidance for their children in a very caring way. In a letter Martin Luther, a leader of the Protestant Reformation in the 1500’s, it is written that his thirteen year old daughter had just died and that he is very disheartened by the loss. He loves his respectful daughter .As a father and leader of the protestant reformation, Luther is disheartened at his daughter’s loss, but he loves and respects God taking her away (Doc 2). A common stereotype about women is their personalities and perceptions toward children. Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family's welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic. Margaret Cavendish, a duchess, a scientist, and a philosopher expresses her sincerity and is apprehensive of how society should treat children to help them reach their potential (Doc 9).Through the knowledge of a philosophe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought that it would be best if you let children make their own decisions, because they will be stubborn if you try to stop them (Doc 12). Children’s Games, by Pieter Brueghel, displays the children absorbed in their games with the seriousness displayed by adults in their apparently more important pursuits (Doc 5). Another way people taught their children was through reasoning. Christoph Scheurl believed children are a great reward.He is biased though because he has a son himself and knows of the emotional attachment and bond bearing a child creates, he speaks with only gratitude and expresses his love of his child (Doc 1). Theoretically speaking though, Jean Benedicti â€Å"obligates the child to obey under pain of mortal sin. † Being a preacher, he expects a child to honor God and obey his wisdom (Doc 7). This follows the same circumstances stated in document 10. The English Catholic Gentleman expects highly of his daughter to have reliance on God and help her understand to make her amends to confess her sins to God.John Locke, a philosopher who wrote â€Å"Two Treasies on Government† writes that a person must reason with children to their capacity of understanding. As a member of the Enlightenment, Locke believes people are rational and tabula rasa (blank sl ates) where they can be taught what to do. Changing ideas of the1600’s into the enlightenment allowed for parents to treat children kindly and rationally (Doc 11). Although some parents taught their children in a kind manner beneficial for the child, some punished their children by putting a negative impact on their well-being.As depicted in document 3, it states that if a man truly cares about his child, he will whip him occasionally to make a man out of him. Generally, Russian households of the 17th century were harsh conditions to live under, therefore the nobility expected harsh discipline as a means to better their children. Michel de Montaigne expresses his opinion on children in a very different way though. He shows absolutely no passion or love for children. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal contemplations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation (Doc 6).In an autobiography, Benevenuto Cellini, a metal crafte r and sculptor, writes that he visited his son that was born out of wedlock and abruptly left the boy crying as he didn’t want Cellini to leave. Since Cellini’s child was born out of wedlock, he will be treated harshly and will be shunned as accustomed of the 1500’s (Doc 4). As for Henry IV, he was whipped as a child. In a letter to the governess Madame de Montglat, Henry commands her to whip his six year old son every time he misbehaves. Whipping children was common for people to do during the 1500’s.As king of France, Henry IV wants his son to be strong when he heirs. He believes whipping him will make him a better person. Children were treated in different ways due to the accepted ideas and attitudes of the time from serfdom, the religion, the mortality rates and the Enlightenment. Being the precious gifts from God, children were being treated kindly and also harshly as they were objects as well. Different views of children and raising procedures chang e throughout history due to changes in secular ideas and different cultural movements.

Is Worship Buddhist

Alexander Johnson Is Worship Buddhist? The most important thing about spirituality is that everyone has a unique experience with it. That being said, nobody has the right to say what is and what is not someone else’s belief system. Then we come to the case of Buddhism, where the initial teachings have evolved over the course of its history, and the question of being Buddhist becomes even more muddied.There are several works, claiming words directly from the mouth of Buddha, which describe methods of worship that will grant a worshipper great amounts of spiritual merit, such as presenting gifts or creating extravagant places of worship, which promise a better reincarnation or other good fortune. When one examines who stands to gain from such actions, however, it is fairly evident that whowever controls the fate of such sacrifices and work has much to gain indeed. This may be necessary for the survival of the religion and better for the entire community, but is not in of itself Buddhist.Then there are other Buddhist works which seem to directly contradict aspects of such worship. One central theme in the teachings is to avoid attachment to physical things; a ritual such as bathing a stone image daily or building a jewel encrusted shrine clearly opposes that idea. For one to attach oneself to even the attribute of being Buddhist is unbecoming of the purest practitioner. For nearly all things, and especially with spiritual practice, there is no black and white, merely shades of grey. Worship, along with all things, is subject to interpretation.

Characteristics of Exploration Literature

Characteristics of Exploration Literature: †¢ Explorers were first & foremost navigators, not writers. †¢ Explorers had a specific audience in mind; they were reporting back to the main land †¢ The American Dream is evident †¢ Indians are always considered inferior †¢ Reports were not always accurate Verazzano: Verazzano’s Voyage †¢ North Carolina up to Canada †¢ Wrote to the King of France who funded the voyage; N. C. cedar trees †¢ â€Å"The complexion of these people is black, not much different from that of the Ethiopians; their hair is black and thick, and not very long, it is worn tied back upon the head in the form of a little tail. †¢ â€Å"Our sailors in the boat seeing a great fire made up, and their companion placed very near it, full of fear, as is usual in all cases of novelty, imagined that the natives were about to roast him for food. † †¢ â€Å"By searching around we discovered in the grass a very cold woman and a young girl of about eighteen or twenty, who had concealed themselves for the same reason; the old woman carried two infants on her shoulders, and behind her neck a little boy eight years of age; when we came up to them they began to shriek and make signs to the men who had fed to the woods. †¢ â€Å"We found them fairer than the others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ American Dream: Resources that the land has & space. Champlain: Voyages of Samuel de Champlain : The Voyages of 1604-1607 †¢ Est. Quebec; compares in his writing †¢ â€Å"We saw eighteen or twenty savages, who came to the shore and began to dance. † †¢ â€Å"We did not wish them harm, although it was in our power to avenge ourselves. † †¢ â€Å"As for weapons, they have only pikes, clubs, bows and arrows.It would seem from their appearance that they have a good disposition, better than those of the north, but they are all in face of no great worth. Even a slight intercourse wit h them gives you at once a knowledge of them. They are great thieves and, if they cannot lay hold of any thing with their hands, they try to do so with their feet, as we have oftentimes learned by experience. I am of opinion of that, if they had any thing to exchange with us, they would not give themselves to thieving. †¢ â€Å"It is necessary to be on one’s guard against this people, and live in a start of distrust of them, yet without letting them perceive it. † †¢ Single-Minded, descriptive of the natives John Smith: The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles †¢ Started traveling at 16 yrs old; Captured in Turkey and sold as a slave; thinks much of himself, he spent most of the voyage in chains in the boat on the way to Jamestown. †¢ 7 out of 105; He was a leader; 35 were gentlemen, Smith was a leader, 38 stayed alive. Wrote in 3rd Person; adventure; New England (he named it) †¢ â€Å"Smith little dreaming of that ac cident, being got to the marshes at the river’s head, twenty miles in the desert, had his two men slain (as is supposed) sleeping by the canoe, while himself by fowling sought them victual: who finding he was beset with 200 salvages, two of them he slew, still defending himself with the aid of a salvage his guide, whom he bound to his arm with his garters, and used him as a buckler.Yet he was shot in his thigh a little, and had many arrows that stuck in his clothes but no great hurt, till at last they took him prisoner. † †¢ â€Å"From Penobscot to Sagadahoc. This coast is mountainous, and isles of huge rocks, but overgrown for the most part, with most sorts of excellent good woods, for building houses, boats, barks or ships, with an incredible abundance of most sorts of fish, much fowl, and sundry sorts of good fruits for man’s use. †¢ â€Å"And surely by reason of those sandy cliffs, and cliffs of rocks, both which we saw so planted with gardens and corn fields, and so well inhabited with a goodly, strong, and well proportioned people, besides the greatness of the timber growing on them, the greatness of the fish, and the moderate temper of the air (for of five and forty not a man was sick, but two that were many years diseased before they went, not withstanding our bad lodging and accidental diet) who can but approve this a most excellent place, both for health and fertility.And of all the four parts of the world I have yet seen not inhabited, could I have but means to transport a colony, I would rather live here than anywhere; and if it did not maintain itself, were we but once indifferently well fitted, let us starve. † †¢ â€Å"So freely hath God and his Majesty bestowed those lessings on them [that] will attempt to obtain them, as here every man may be master of his own labor and land, or the greatest part (if his Majesty’s royal meaning be not abused) and if he have nothing but his hands, he may set up his trade; and by industry quickly grown rich, spending but half that time well which in England we abuse in idleness, worse, or as ill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ â€Å".. here man, woman and child, with a small hook and line, by angling many take divers sorts of excellence fish at their pleasures; and it is not pretty sport to pull up two pence, six pence, and twelve pence as fast as you can haul and veer a line; he is a very bad fisher [that] cannot kill in one day with his hook and line one, two, or three hundred cods, if they be sold there for ten shillings a hundred, though in England they will give more than twenty, may not both servant, master and merchant be well content with this gain?If a man work but three days in seven, he may get more than he can spend unless he will be exceedingly excessive. † †¢ â€Å"Thus though all men be not fishers, yet all men whatsoever may in other matters do as well, for necessary doth in these cases so rule a commonwealth, and each i n their several functions, as their labors in their qualities may be as profitable because there is a necessary mutual use of all. †¢ My purpose is not persuade children from their parents, men from their wives, not servants from their masters, only such as with free constant may be spared: but that each parish, or village, in city, or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people that have small wealth to live on, here by their labor may live exceeding well. † †¢ Pg: 48: How we owe our God †¢ Reasons for settling Jamestown: o Gold o God o Glory †¢ American Dream: Middle-Class Utopia William Bradford: Of Plymouth Plantation, Book 1 Orphan when very young, very religious (16 yrs old); self-taught; 1621 elected Governor, served 33 years total; wife fell overboard and died; very humble. †¢ Pilgram: Israelites following Moses; â€Å"God’s chosen† †¢ â€Å"What coul d now sustain them but the Spirit of God and His grace? May not and ought not the children of these fathers rightly say: â€Å"Our fathers were Englishmen which came over this great ocean, and were ready to perish in this wilderness; but they cried unto to Lord, and He heard their voice and looked on their adversity,† etc. † †¢ Obstacles faced by Pilgrams: o The ocean (sea sickness) The crew of the Mayflower ? â€Å"There was a proud and very profane young man, one of the seamen, of a lusty, able body, which made him the more haughty; he would always be contemning the poor people in their sickness and cursing them daily with grievous execrations; and did not let to tell them that he hoped to help to cast hald of them overboard before they came to their journey’s end, and to curse and swear most bitterly. But it pleased God before they came half seas over to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, and so was hims elf that first that was thrown overboard. o The wilderness (winter upon arrival) ? â€Å"But here I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half amazed at this poor people’s present condition; and so I think will the reader, too, when he well considers that same. Being this passed that vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before in their preparation (as may be remembered by that which went before), they had now no friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain or refresh their weather-beaten bodies; no houses or much less towns to repair to, to seek for succour.It is recorded in Scripture as a mercy to the Apostle and his shipwrecked company, that the barbarians, when they met with them (as after will appear) were readier to fill their sides full of arrows than otherwise. † o Indians (attack on beach; savages take tools, etc. ) o Non-Puritans o Self-Doubt ? â€Å"And for the season it was winter, and they that know the winters of that country know them to be sharp and violent, and subject to cruel and fierce storms, dangerous to travel to known places, much more to search an unknown coast. Besides, what could they see but a hideous and esolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men-and what multitudes there might be of them they knew not. † †¢ Mayflower Compact o Plain style- Puritan trait †¢ Puritanism: o Main Class Movement; got their name from their enemies †¢ Puritans Beliefs: o God is omnipotent and good o Individuals are either saved or damned @ birth o The Bible is God’s direct communication to man and should be read daily o No hierarchy should govern the church o Biblical scholars, saw themselves as God’s chosen people o Affliction and Adversity were necessary Puritan Characteristics o Emphasized Education o Introspection was a Puritan trait (journals) o Wrote in â€Å"plain style† (American style comes from) o Only Biblical forms of literature- non fiction †¢ Anne Bradstreet: †¢ The Flesh and Spirit o Introspection (Puritan trait) o â€Å"One Flesh was called, who had her eye on wordly, wealth and vanity; The other called Spirit, who did rear her thoughts unto a higher sphere† o â€Å"Dost dream of things beyond the moon, and dost thou hope to dwell there soon? afterlife; she had doubts) o â€Å"Come, come, I’ll show unto thy sense industry hath its recompense. What canst desire but thou mayst see true substance in variety? Dost honor like? Acquire the same, as some of their immortal fame; and trophies to thy name erect which wearing time shall ne’er deject. For riches dost thou long full sore? Behold enough of precious store. Earth hath more silver, pearls, and gold than eyes can see or hands can hold. Affect’st thou pleasure?Take thy fill, Earth hath enough of what you will, then let not go, what thou mayst find, for things unknown, only in mind. † ( What not have things that you can feel instead of just hoping? ) o â⠂¬Å"This City pure is not for thee, for things unclean there shall not be. If I of heaven may have my fill, take thou the world, and all that will. † (Reaffirms her faith) †¢ To My Dear and Loving Husband o Sex was meant to only have kids †¢ A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment o Breaking of Stereotypes Mary Rowlandson: A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration †¢ A captivity narrative is a psychological drama that includes: o A Loss of freedom (being caught) o Self- Realization (hardships) o Redemption (gets away from the Indians) o â€Å"The Lord hereby would make us the more to acknowledge his hand, and to see that our help is always in him. † o â€Å" I then remembered how careless I had been of Gods holy time, how many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent, and how evily I had walked in God’s sight; which lay so close unto my Spirit, that it was easier for me to see his presence for ever.Yet the Lord still shewed mercy to me, and upheld me; and as he wounded me with one hand, so he healed me with the other. † o â€Å"Yet I can say, that in all my sorrows and afflictions, God did not leave me to have my impatience work towards himself, as if his wayes were unrighteous. But I knew that he laid upon me less that I deserved. † o â€Å"Before I knew what affliction meant, I was ready sometimes to wish for it. Also read  Driver’s Ed Module Reflection JournalWhen I lived in prosperity, having the comforts of the World about me, my relations by me, my Heart chearfull, and taking little care for any thing; and yet seeing many, whom I preferred before my self, under many tryals and afflictions, in sickness, weakness, poverty, losses, crosses, and cares of the World, I should be sometime jealous least I should have my portion in this life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (jealously) o â€Å"Affliction I wanted, and affliction I had, full measure (I thought) pressed down and running over; yet I see, when God calls a Person to any thing, and through never so many difficulties, yet he is fully able to carry them through and make them see, and say they have been gainers thereby. And I hope I can say in some measure, As David did, It is good for me that I have been afflicted. † †¢ Crosscurrents †¢ Settler’s views of Indians have envolved: o Manageable Child-like o Friendly (Bradford) o Threat o Enemy †¢ Spectral Evidence ( John Winthrop) o The Trial of Margaret Jones: â€Å"Her behavior at her trial was very intemperate, lying notoriously and railing upon the jury and witnesses, and in the like distemper she died. The same day and hour she was executed, there was a very tempest at Connecticut, which blew down many trees. † o Mary Towne Easty: â€Å"I petition to your Honors not for my own life, for I know I must die and my appointed time is set, but (the Lord knows it is) that if it be possible, no more innocent blood may be shed, which undoubtedly cannot be avoided in the way and course you go in†¦.The Lord above, who is the searcher of all hearts, knows that as I shall answer it at the tribunal seat that I know not the least thing of witchcraft–therefore I cannot, I dare not, belie my own Soul. I beg your Honors not to deny this my humble petition from a poor dying innocent person, and I question not but that the Lord will give a blessi ng to your endeavors. † †¢ Cotton Mather †¢ The Wonders of the Invisible World o Characteristics of Puritanism that supported Salem witch trials: †¢ Affliction is necessary and good †¢ Watchdog mentality (neighbors) †¢ No Fiction was allowed (drama) †¢ God’s chosen people vs. Satan o Lasting effects of Salem Witch Trails: †¢ Hastened the Demise of Puritan Dominance †¢ Accused is Innocent until proven guilty

History Paper

According to Pane’s account, what part did caves play in human origins? 1b. What happpened to Machochael and the men who left the cave to go fishing? If when they went out at night and was not able to return befiore the sun rose, upon seeing the light, as punishment since they were not allowed to see it, were immediately transformed into those trees that yeild plums. These grow spontaneously on that island in great quantity, without being planted. 1c. How did their acts alter the world? 1d. Why did the Taino go on pilgrimages to Iovanaboina? 1e. Why were zemis important? 2a.Pane says the Taino told him that men left the caves â€Å"without their women,† How did women come to populate the earth? 2b. Does the narrative suggest that men and women were created more or less as equals? 3a. This Taino origin story emphasizes that humann beings were â€Å"transformed† in numerous ways to shape the world. Why did these transformations occur, according to the narrative? 3b . How did theese transformations influence humans who were not transformed? 4a. In what ways is Pane’s religion evident in his account of Taino origins? 4b. Do you think Pane was a reliable recorder of Taino beliefs? c. What parts of Pane’s account, if any, seem credible to you? Why? 5a. Since Tainos † never had writing among them and everything is preserved by memory,† do you thing the stories the Taino told Pnae were credible accounts of ancient beliefs?5b. What evidence suggests that Taino believed these stories? 5c. Is there evidence that their origin narrative had ancient roots? 5d. On the other hand, is there evidence that they might have invented the narrative to please or satisfy Pane? 1a. According to this narrative how did human beings arrive in the world? b. What was the significance of the â€Å"great tree which every year bore corn used for food† and of the angry young men? 2a. Who does the narrative say created the earth, and why? 2b. W hat relationship existen between animals and the earth? 3. According to the narrative, how did human beings reproduce? Why? 4a. How did Othagwenda (Flint) and Djuskaha (Little Sprout) differ? 4b . Why were those differences important? 5a. Who does the narrative identify as God? 5b. What difference did it make? 1. According to Genesis, how and why did God create the world? 2.Were plants, animals, and human beings in this account more or less equal in God's eyes? No they were not equal. God said have dominion over the fosh of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over ever living thing that moveth upon the earth. 3. Why did God command human beings to â€Å"Be fruiful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion†¦ over every living thing that moveth upon the earth†? 4. Did God make different demands on men and women? Why? 5a. Why did God forbid Adam and Eve to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil? 5b.Why did they disobey God? 5c. How did God punished them? 6. How might the Genesis account of human origins have influenced Europeans as they encountered peoples in Africa and the New World? 1a. According to Aristotle, why were some people â€Å"natural slaves†? 1b. Who were these people? 1c. Why was slavery for them natural? 1d. Why was slavery â€Å"beneficial and just† for them? 2a. How would you argue against Aristotle's defense of natural slavery? 2b. Did he make false assumptions? 2c. Were his arguments illogical? 2d. Can you argue against his view starting from his assumptions? How? 3a.To what extent did Aristotle believe that it was good and just for vitors in war to enslave their captives? 3b. Was slavery for Aristotle anything other than the superior power of the master over the slave? 3c. What arguments did Aristotle make against the claim that â€Å"all slavery is contrary to nature†? 3d. Do you find his arguments convinving? Why or Why not? 4a. How did the relation of master to slave differ from that of man to woman, husband to wife, parent to children, and statesman to citizens, according to Aristotle? 4b. In what sense were â€Å"all housholds†¦ monarchically governed†? c. Since Aristotle argued that â€Å"the relation of male to female is naturally that of the superior to the inferior, of the ruling to the ruled,† would he claim that women were natural slaves? 1a. What are the major differences and similarities among these creation myths? 1b. How do their views of human beings compare to Aristotle's? 2a. The creation narratives descibe a world before humans existed. To what extent were humans a force for good in the world? 2b. How did humans' power compare to that of nature of zemis or the creator? 2c. Did Aristotle's views differ? If so, how and why? 3a.How do the views of women and men in the creation my ths compare to Aristotle's views? 3b. What do they reveal about gender roles and expectations among Native Americans and Europ eans? 4. Because the creation narratives and Aristotle's Politics originated in oral rather than written communication, to what extent can these documents be accepted as expressions of the views of common folk among the Taino, the Seneca, and Christians? 5. To what extent might the creation myths and Aristotle's views about masters and slaves have influenced the begavior of Native Americans and Europeans when they encountered one another?

How to Stop Nuclear Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

How to Stop Nuclear Terrorism - Essay Example High grade traditional explosives and electrical and mechanical equipment are used to set off a nuclear bomb. Hydrogen bomb, which is thousands of times much more powerful than an atom bomb has not been used in war anywhere. A nuclear explosion, deliberate or accidental, would lead to release of energy millions of times greater than that of dynamite or RDX, causing so much of heat and pressure, called as 'thermal radiation', that all materials are converted into compressed gases accompanied with a tremor wave. The explosion produces highly penetrating gamma rays, which would travel long distance in seconds, cannot be felt by human beings, causing fatal long term effect on human bodies or those of other living beings. In first ever use of nuclear bombs by America in second world war, it is estimated that as many as 140,000 had died in Hiroshima by the bomb and its post explosion effects, with the estimate for Nagasaki roughly 75,000., majority of the deaths were those of civilians. In estimating the number of deaths caused by the attacks, many victims died in the following months or years after the bombing as a result of radiation exposure. Today's nuclear bombs are thousand times much more destructive than those dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The world's first nuclear explosion was achieved with plutonium, a man-made element produced in nuclear reactors. Plutonium is created when an atom of uranium-238 is hit by a neutron and becomes plutonium-239. Nuclear reactor, which is used to generate power or propel marine vehicles generates the neutrons in a controlled chain reaction. For the neutrons to be absorbed by the uranium their speed must be slowed by passing them through a substance known as a "moderator." Graphite and heavy water are used as moderators in reactors fueled by natural uranium. Heavy water contains an atom of deuterium instead of an atom of hydrogen. 4 kilograms of Plutonium would be needed to make a bomb with a beryllium reflector. Countries producing plutonium for weapons have generally operated their reactors to maximize the production of plutonium-239-the isotope most useful for nuclear weapons. Weapon-grade plutonium contains less than 7 percent plutonium-240. Under normal nuclear power plant operation, the plutonium in spent reactor fuel contains roughly 24 percent plutonium-240; such plutonium is often referred to as "reactor-grade." However, essentially all isotopic mixtures of plutonium-including reactor-grade plutonium-can be used for nuclear weapons. In order to use plutonium in nuclear weapons or nuclear fuel, however, it must be separated from the rest of the spent fuel in a reprocessing facility. Plutonium separation is easier than uranium enrichment because it involves separating different elements rather than different isotopes of the same element. It uses well-known chemical separation techniques. Relatively large amounts of plutonium-240, as would be contained in reactor-grade plutonium, can cause a weapon to detonate early and "fizzle," causing a smaller explosion than intended. However, even a weapon that fizzles would cause an explosion roughly equivalent to 1,000 tons (1 kiloton) of TNT. A weapon of this size could kill tens of thousands of people if detonated in a city, which clearly demonstrates that even reactor-grade plu

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Taxation - Essay Example is leaves the income tax and capital gains taxes as the two most important taxes to any household in UK, with huge implications on the consumption and investment patterns in the country. However, the taxation policy in the country does not observe neutrality in that it may discourage deferment of consumption and investment by taxing savings and returns on investments more into the future than now. The income tax is paid per any tax unit that is beyond the personal tax free allowance. The tax is charged from diverse types of savings and is charged at a basic rate of 25% or a higher rate of about 40% (OECD 2007, 13). On the other hand, capital tax operates much similar to the income tax above; there lacks a clear distinction between income and capital gains tax in UK. Any investor with a capital gain of  £5800 or below per annum is exempted from this tax. However, any income above this level is taxed based on the gains at marginal rate of the income tax. In U.K, today, any transaction on savings is treated differently under the taxation policy; the mode of taxing any savings is a vital feature of the UK tax base and leads to an understanding of the comprehensive income tax. In most cases, the comprehensive income tax refers to a case where the income from savings, the labour tax and any other elements that make up the tax base are taxed equally. On the other hand, in expenditure tax, the returns from taxes are not taxed until the individual uses the savings for consumption, at which the tax is known as an expenditure tax or consumption tax (Mirrlees, 283). The major difference between the two taxes is in the treatment of savings. Taxation of savings has an impact on the investment and consumption choices of individuals and companies in UK today. According to Mirrlees report, several effects were identified resulting from the taxation of savings. One, there is an attempt to design a carefully leveled taxation system that seeks to equalize the tax burden of the