Essay on Human Genetic Screening - 2461 Words

Human Genetic Screening Human genetic screening is a process that is very complex and very powerful. Genetic screening may detect some inherited traits that may later on cause a person to have a disease that may alter his/her life. Human life, as with any other organism, is b uilt with cells. A human cell consists of forty-six chromosomes, which are paired into twenty-three different pairs. Each one of these chromosomes carries thousands of genes. Each gene consists of information that codes for a particular trait. This information is determined by the DNA found in that gene. A gene for one trait may have various alleles that will make one person appear a little different than that of a person with a different allele. An example would†¦show more content†¦The third type is the chromosomal aberrations. This type is caused by abnormalities of chromosomal structure or numberÓ (Griffiths, p. 5-6). With the information that researchers have found studying the DNA patterns of those with certain diseases, they now may be able to determine if a person carries the trait that is found in common in these diseases by taking a sample of his/her DNA. Ã’Genetics tests include techniques to examine genes or markers near the genes. Direct testing for diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia come from an analysis of an individualÕs specific genes. A technique called linkage analysis, or indirect testing, is used when the gene cannot be directly identified but can be located within a specific region of a chromosome. This testing requires additional DNA from an affected family member for comparison. Genetic testing results depend both o n reliable laboratory procedures and accurate interpretation of results. Tests also vary in sensitivity, that is their ability to detect mutations or to detect all patients who have or will get the disease. When interpreting the results o f any genetic t est, one must take into account the probability of false positive or false negative test results. Special training is required to be able to analyze and convey information about genetic testing to affected individuals and their familiesÓ (Web site: #). Genetic screeningShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Genetic Screening and Discrimination in Gattaca1801 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Genetic Screening and Discrimination in Gattaca Works Cited Missing A few months ago I watched a movie called Gattaca, which dealt with the issue of genetic discrimination in the near future. In the movie, people were separated into two classes, those that were genetically screened and positively altered before birth and the class that was unaltered. The separate classes had stark divisions, from what jobs that you were able to apply for to where you could eat. Security was aimed at keepingRead MoreGenetic Engineering Of Food Products Essay1769 Words   |  8 PagesGenetic engineering of food produce is considered a miracle technology. Many speculate that this discovery has the possibility to end world hunger. By mass producing and marketing produce, the associated costs will decrease. With lower production costs for crops, healthy options will not only be more accessible, but more affordable for customers as well. Some even contend that the overall health of the general population will improve. How does this affect the healthcare industry? If we can geneticallyRead MoreNew Techniques of Genetic Engineering1187 Words   |  5 PagesNew techniques of genetic engineering have spawned a new understanding of medical procedures and have increased biotechnology products that help us answer questions and solve problems that just one generation couldn’t dream of doing. We have taken Caution at every step during the process of creating biotechnology and genetic engineering procedures they have a huge potential impact. But today we have to decide to which degree these procedures and products be regulated and who gets the power to doRead MoreNewborn Genetic Screening Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of newborn genetic screening is to screen newborns for potential health concerns. Newborn genetic screening started in 1965 with the testing of one disorder, phenylketonuria (WDHS). Since then, newborn genetic screening has evolved and over 4 million newborns are screened in the U.S. every year (CCHC Report). Currently, in the state of Wisconsin, there are 47 different disorders that are tested for (WDHS). The process of screening newborns is a relatively short procedure. Before aRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Prenatal Screening Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesdeformities such as genetic mutation which causes mental retardation, abnormal body buildup and other conditions which bring a lot of troubles in the future to the child themselves and their parents. Modern technologies and innovations in the medical field had developed a method to detect the abnormality before delivery and prevent this future tragedy to happen. This method is known as prenatal screening. There are several advantages and disadvantages of prenatal screening. Prenatal screening is a testRead MoreGenetic Testing or Genetic Screening1514 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic testing, also known as screening, is a rapidly advancing new scientific field that can potentially revolutionize not only the world of medicine, but many aspects of our lives. Genetic screening is the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological. As genetic screening becomes more advanced and easily accessible, it presents society with difficult questions that must be asked about the boundaries of science and to whatRead MoreLifelong Health Benefits of Mandatory Genetic Screenings1497 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduction to the field of medicine more than a century ago, genetic screenings have become incorporated in many fields of healthcare, including reproductive health and cancer prevention. Genetic screening is a method of identifying genetic disorders through the study of an individual’s DNA. The y can be used to determine predisposition for various disorders such as Alzheimer’s, breast cancer, and sickle cell anemia. Genetic screenings inform individuals about their state of health and can help themRead MoreThe Dna Mystique Looks Into The Power Of The Gene918 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough genetic essentialism. According to Nelkin and Lindee genetic essentialism â€Å"reduces the self to a molecular entity, equating human beings, in all their social, historical, and moral complexity, with their genes† (p. 337). DNA is used as a way to define the individual’s true self and understand the evolution of a person’s identity. Nelkin and Lindee discuss the intersection of science and popular culture to shape the cultural meaning of the gene (p. 338). They lay out a timeline of genetic mappingRead MoreThe Benefits of Human Genetic Engineering Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesPre-implantation genetic diagnosis is a revolutionary procedure that utilizes in v itro fertilization to implant a healthy egg cell into the mother’s uterus after it is screened for mutations or other abnormalities. That way, only healthy eggs can develop to term and become beautiful, bouncing boys or girls. Designer babies have a bright future in the face of science because they are genetically engineered to be: disease free; viable donors for a sibling or parent; and with optional eliminationRead MoreCase Analysis: Danville Airlines1259 Words   |  5 Pagesemerging field of genetic testing, Danville did not warn Reiger of the testing taking place, did not get his permission, and didnt even have a process in place for dealing with pilots, whom the traveling public relies on for safe transport, when they are tested positive for these types of diseases (Murry, Wimbush, Dalton, 2001). Clearly Reiger would win any lawsuit, the collateral damage to Danville being the lack of oversight and gross negligence in managing health screening. Analysis of Case

The War Of The Civil War - 1958 Words

The United States has seen its fair share of wars, but the Civil War would prove to be one of the most significant wars fought on US soil. The war took place over a four year period, beginning in April of 1861 and ending in May of 1865 (Reid). The issues surrounding this war have become a political controversy over the years. Many saw the war as an end to slavery while others argue that the war was fought to determine the independence for the Confederacy or for the Union’s survival. The Confederacy, otherwise known as the South, consisted of eleven states. At the time, there were thirty-four states, both North and South, involved and of those states, seven of them were considered to be southern slave states. These states declared their secession and became what is known as the Confederate States of America. The northern states who remained loyal were considered to be the Union. The president during the time of this turmoil was Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln’s views were often supported by the Republicans in the North. The North wanted to abolish slavery and stop the South from seceding, but the South felt it was a violation of their constitutional rights. Both sides found themselves arguing their case and when a compromise was not reached, the war began. It was the Confederate forces that took aim first. They fired upon the Union at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The Confederacy’s actions would lead to a series of battles, engagements, sieges, and an abundance of blood shed alongShow MoreRelatedCivil Wars And The Civil War873 Words   |  4 Pages Therefore, the fact that ISIL has become very active in the context of civil war could be a strong indicator of its affiliation to AQ. This, as Robbins (2014) argues, is because civil wars can be said to be better and more reliable predictors of AQ affiliated groups than mere affiliation. This further means that the civil wars in Syria and Iraq could be better used to determine which groups taking part are AQ-affiliated than the mere fact that the groups have been known to be affiliated. It meansRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1522 Words   |  7 PagesCosts The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties, including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 50,000 civilians. The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and 18% in the South. Union army dead, amounting to 15% of the over two million who served, was broken down as follows: Notably, their mortality rateRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War964 Words   |  4 Pageswasn’t one sole cause of the Civil War but there were many events that took the country to war and put brother against brother and states against states. Abraham Lincoln wanted to preserve the union and that could only be attained by civil war. Slavery which was an underlying cause for the war played its role in the division that divided the North against the South. Ultimately the preservation of the union, slavery and the consequences and conflicts leading to the Civil War all rested on President Lincoln’sRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1540 Words   |  7 PagesOver the course of the Civil War, approximately three million men (and a handful of women disguised as men) served in the armed forces. By comparison, before the war, the U.S. Army consisted of only about 16,000 soldiers. The mobilization that took place over the four years of the war touched almost every extended family North and South and affected the far reaches of the country that had split in two. By war’s end, approximately 620,000 men had died, an estimate that is currently undergoing scrutinyRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War921 Words   |  4 PagesThere are no doubts that acts of war can have a negative impact on the individuals involved. There are countless stories of the soldiers’ experiences in the war, and how it affected their lives, families, and attitudes. However, there is a large demographic that is hardly accounted for: children, specifically during the Civil War era. Understanding the children that lived in the time of the Civil War is important because it affected their future careers, shaped their attitudes towards race, and affectedRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War777 Words   |  4 PagesThe widespread violence that turned into the Civil War began with the election of 1860. Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 without a single vote from the states below the Ohio River. South Carolina was the first state to respond to Lincoln’s election. On December 20, 1680, South Carolina seceded from the Union. South Carolina was the first of the â€Å"Original Seven† who seceded from the Union, including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. This became known as â€Å"secessionRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe civil war is by far the bloodiest war in American history. In the four deadly years of war, over six-hundred thousand Americans were killed. Many disputes that led to the civil war. These conflicts started under President James Buchanan who was a Democrat elected in the election of 1856. The issue of slavery, states’ rights, the abolitionist movement, the Southern secession, the raid on Harper’s Ferry, the election of Abraham Lincoln all contributed to the start of the civil war. The civil warRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1284 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 30 January 2015 The Civil War There are many facts most people generally do not know about the Civil War, so much research is needed to improve one’s knowledge about the Civil War. Authors such as: Robert G. Lambert, Rustle B. Olwell, and Kay A. Chick were all helpful in this research. Many people think that everyone on the Union side of the war believed that blacks should be equal to whites. Most people also think that everyone on the Confederate side of the war believed in slavery. SomeRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1093 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War served as yet another reminder that although the US had successfully broken off away England, a long road still remained before total domestic unity. This war was bloody and it divided the nation, towns, and even families. With both sides fighting for their personal ideologies, this was more than a mere territorial war. Many aspects of this war will forever act as a blemish on our nation s history. In this essay, we will explore one aspect; the camps that were used to contain the prisonersRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe story of this outlaw originated during the Civil War years, April 12,1861-May 9, 1865. The War were the rich sat and watched, while the poor died. A War that wanted to keep black people as slaves permanently by the South (Confederates). Newton Knight quickly grew unhappy with the situation that the people of Jones County, where he was originally from were in. He also did not approved of slavery at all. Newt was the Outlaw who freed Jones County s people, whites and blacks alike when they most

African Wild Dogs Free Essays

Lycaon pictus, the scientific name for the African Wild Dog, literally translates into â€Å"painted or ornate wolf† (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). African Wild Dogs are some of the most beautiful and social canines in the world, but, sadly, this species is endangered. This essay will focus on a basic description of the African Wild Dog, along with the threats it faces and the projected outlook for this species. We will write a custom essay sample on African Wild Dogs or any similar topic only for you Order Now (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). The African Wild Dog has a slender body with long, muscular legs (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). Typically, they will weigh between forty and eighty lbs. and can be anywhere from three and a half to five ft. long (including the length of the tail). African Wild Dogs are usually between two and two and a half ft. tall at the shoulder. The males also tend to be slightly larger than the females. Compared to wolves or coyotes, they are very lean and tall. Unlike other canines, the African Wild Dog has only four toes on its front feet, as opposed to the typical five. This is because their dew-claw is missing. Other distinctive qualities are their large, round ears. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). It is said that these ears are essential for hunting, during which a pack may use long distance vocal calls (G. Rhodes, and R. Rhodes). These ears also help with heat loss and regulation (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). However, an African Wild Dogs most distinctive quality is its coat; this species has a coat blotched in yellow, gray, black, white, and brown (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). Most of the variation in color is on the body and legs (Creel, and Creel). The coloration on the dogs faces are all very similar, with a black muzzle shading to brown on the cheeks and forehead, a black line extending up the forehead, and blackish-brown on the backs of the ears. There is never white on the head. The back part of the head and the top of the neck are consistently brown or yellow. However, colors on the body and legs are unpredictable. (Creel, and Creel). The fur on its bushy tail is almost always white (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). An African Wild Dog’s fur is slightly longer around the head and body, and shorter on the legs (â€Å"African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)†). However, wild dogs tend to have sparse hair, though there is variation among individuals (Creel, and Creel). This variation is related to age—young pups and dogs have more hair than adult dogs, and old dogs can become almost hairless. Hair is particularly lost on the head, which begins to look grey as the skin shows through. (Creel, and Creel). Underneath its fur, African Wild Dogs have blackish/grey skin (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). Every wild dog has a different patterned coat with all the individuality of a snowflake or a fingerprint. It is the coat that can allow scientists to tell each animal apart. There has also been evidence to suggest that the dogs are able to use their distinctive coats to tell each other apart; this is why dogs can easily identify other wild dogs that are not in their pack, or spate packs that might pose a threat. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). African Wild Dogs live in packs, and have a very unusual social system (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). In their packs, only the dominant male and female are allowed to reproduce, which leads to alliances among dogs of the same sex. Packs can range anywhere from two to twenty seven individuals, and new packs form when a subgroup (usually females, and sisters) separate from their pack and join with another subgroup that is composed of males. The sisters typically separate once they reach sexual maturity. African Wild Dogs usually hunt in the cool of dusk and dawn in order to avoid other predators like lions, and the pups are usually allowed to eat first after prey has been killed. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). As stated previously, only the dominant male and female are allowed to reproduce (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). However, all African Wild Dogs will reach sexual maturity in about two years, though mating does not usually occur until much later. The dominant female can give birth during any time of the year, though birthing tends to be more common between March and June. Gestation averages around ten weeks, and the litter averages around ten pups, though twenty pups have been recorded in one litter. The African Wild Dog has one of the largest litters in the canine world. Pups are born in a den (usually an abandoned aardvark hole) and will stay there with their mother for three-four weeks. While the mother and pups are refined to the den, other pack members will regurgitate food for them. Once the pups mature enough to leave the den, they become the responsibility of the whole pack, often nursing off of females that are not their mother. However, pups are weaned anywhere from one-three months after birth. It generally takes twelve-fourteen months before another litter is born. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). The African Wild Dog (which has a life expectancy of about ten years in the wild) typically lives in savannas (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). Savannas are found on either side of the equator on the edges of tropical rainforests most typically in Africa, though also occurring in select parts of South America and Australia (â€Å"Savanna†). In savannas, it is warm all year round, and there is not enough rainfall to support a forest. During its dry season, a savanna will only receive an average of four inches of rain fall. However, during the wet season, a savanna might get up to twenty five inches. In savannas, there is a lot of grassland, with scattered shrubs and isolated trees. Animal life includes many herbivores that consume grass, and also predators that control the herbivore populations. (â€Å"Savanna†). When African Wild Dogs are not breeding, they become nomadic and wander over large distances in search of prey; home ranges can be as large as 5,000 square kilometers, but are often much smaller (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). These dogs are on the third trophic level because they eat herbivores, usually impala, antelope, and sometimes prey as large as wildebeests. There have been cases where a hungry wild dog will consume seventeen to nineteen lbs. of meat, or about 1/3 of its own weight. However, African Wild Dogs will never scavenge. Therefore, the African Wild Dogs fill a carnivorous predator niche, helping to regulate and control ungulate (animals with hooves) populations. (â€Å"Lycaon pictus — Details African Wild Dog†). African Wild Dogs are considered endangered because they have disappeared from much of their range (McNutt et al. ). These dogs are virtually nonexistent in West Africa, and greatly reduced in central and north-east Africa. The largest populations remain in southern Africa, and studies suggest that between 3,000–5,500 wild African Wild Dogs remain in Africa today. These dogs are in danger for several reasons, one of which being habitat loss and fragmentation. When their habitat is broken up, it increases contact with humans which can lead to issues such as poaching (when wild dogs prey on livestock) and road kill. These dogs need a lot of space to roam in search of prey (because of other predators that fill the same niche), so even reserves aren’t always effective because humans live right on the border. While smaller fenced reserves have been able to effectively contain these animals, fencing can be expensive and allow an outbreak of disease to wipe out the entire population. This is because wild dogs live at low population densities due to predation by lions and competition with hyenas. Such low population density makes the dogs susceptible to disease, and makes the epidemic that much more deadly. (McNutt et al. ). African Wild Dogs were declared vulnerable in 1986, and became endangered in 1990 and their population is decreasing (McNutt et al. . Wild dogs are legally protected across much of their range. However, this protection is rarely enforced and wild dogs are extinct in several countries despite severe legal protection. Conservation priorities include maintenance and expansion of habitat available to wild dogs, working with local people to reduce deliberate killing of wild dogs, establishing effective techniques for protecting small wild dog populations from infections, and continuation of long-term monitoring of populations in order to identify emerging threats. Re-establishment of extinct populations through reintroduction currently has a low priority in most areas, although natural recolonizations should be encouraged. (McNutt et al. ). Due to their decreasing populations, need for expansive space, and susceptibility to disease, it appears as if the future for this amazing species is grim. Not enough is being done to preserve this animal because laws are not being enforced, and humans are crowding and destroying their habitat. If African Wild Dogs are to survive, humans need to be extremely proactive in their protection of this species. African Wild Dogs should be reintroduced into habitat where they used to survive, and laws for the protection of these dogs need to be more regulated and enforced. These animals will also need a lot more habitat than they have now, and it will probably be very difficult to find the space for reserves necessary for the survival of this species. If humans truly decide to save the African Wild Dog from extinction, it can certainly be done, but it won’t be easy. How to cite African Wild Dogs, Papers

My unforgettable experience free essay sample

My Unforgettable Experience Heart beating in my chest so fast it was as if my heart was going to Jump out and make a run for it. Nerves, nerves had me trembling, sweating, and scared out of my mind. All because of the two words I heard my music teacher say Czarina Booker. Sitting in my chair thinking how am I going to do this or if I can even do this, but I did it and it turned out way better than expected. This was one of the unforgettable and heart-racing experience was my audition. Practicing day and night, hoping to be better than yesterday. Then that day came, the day to prove myself I can do way better than what I always thought.A day I dreamt about whether it ended up good or ended up bad. Slowly but anxiously walking through the orchestra doors, I see everybody as anxious and nervous as I was. We will write a custom essay sample on My unforgettable experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Grabbing my instrument then tuning it, I see my orchestra teacher walking to the post. When she finally got up to the post she addressed us on how she was going to do these auditions. First up were violins, secondly violas, thirdly cellos, and lastly were the basses. As each person was walking In and out of the doors of the audition room, my heart began to race so fast. All I was thinking In my head was How am I going to do this? What if Im not good enough?What if I dont get in? What if I mess up? All these questions were popping in my head all at once. But then I had to believe In myself and prove myself that I can do better than what I thought or what other people thought as well. So I went back to practicing and the violins and the violas were done. Now it was time for the cellos. As the first two cellists were done with the audition, the orchestra teacher called my name. I went In, sat down, Introduced myself, and started playing the music. In the beginning of song I was nervous, but as I was playing I started to break out and started playing loud and musically.When I ended off with a great ending, I looked up and she smiled and said good Job. Pacing out the door I took a good and long deep breathe and sat down In my chair and saying thank God that was over. Finally, the next day came and we all sat down walling for the results. My personal goal was to be In the top orchestra which was symphony. Ms. Murphy started calling peoples names and telling them what orchestra they were In. Then It came time she called my name and I took deep breathe In a she said the one and only word wanted to hear, symphony. I looked up so fast and gave her a wide and ambitious smile, and I laid back In my seat.This Is an experience I would never forget and I learned a lot from. I learned that you cannot earn what you didnt work for. I also learned that no matter what people tell you or you tell yourself, you can always do better than what you expect you Just have to push yourself. My unforgettable experience By mimicry As each person was walking in and out of the doors of the audition room, my heart began to race so fast. All I was thinking in my head was How am I going to do this? Questions were popping in my head all at once. But then I had to believe in myself my name. I went in, sat down, introduced myself, and started playing the music.In darted playing loud and musically. When I ended off with a great ending, I looked up breathe and sat down in my chair and saying thank God that was over. Finally, the next day came and we all sat down waiting for the results. My personal goal was to be in the top orchestra which was symphony. Ms. Murphy started calling peoples names and telling them what orchestra they were in. Then it came time she called my name and I took deep breathe in a she said the one and only word I wanted to hear, symphony. I looked up so fast and gave her a wide and ambitious smile, and I laid back in my seat.